权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Understanding Biological Disarmament: The Historical Context of the Origins of the Biological Weapons Convention

了解生物裁军：《生物武器公约》起源的历史背景

基本信息

批准号：
AH/K003496/1
负责人：
Brian Balmer
金额：
$ 46.94万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FK003496%2F1
关键词：
Understanding Biological Disarmament Historical Context

项目摘要

Outlawing an entire class of weapons is a major step towards creating a safer world. Forty years ago, on 10 April 1972, the first ever such step was taken as the nations of the world were invited to sign up to the new Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). This treaty, which had been several years in the making, sought to ban biological weapons, or more colloquially germ warfare. As such, it was remarkable for attempting not simply biological arms limitation but full disarmament. Three years later the treaty entered into force, in other words its provisions now had full legal effect. Currently, and despite all kinds of set-backs, 165 nations are states parties to the BWC.Despite its significance, and close to the fortieth anniversary of its entry into force, there is surprisingly little scholarly research on the origins of the BWC, still less on how this treaty was shaped by its broader political and social context. Perhaps more remarkably, most scholarship on the Cold War ignores the BWC. This research aims to draw on a wide range of archival and oral sources to go beyond a blow-by-blow account of the technicalities of arms treaty negotiation, and instead provide a deep historical account of the birth of the treaty.The historical roots of the BWC are intimately bound up with the Cold War and other wider concerns, particularly: Anglo-American relationships; nuclear and chemical weapons policy; varying attitudes to US chemical agent use in Vietnam; the different obligations and interpretations of the 1925 Geneva Protocol; and the complex roles of experts, both scientific and social scientific, individual and collective, civil and military, in shaping events. In this respect: 1. Existing accounts give an adequate overview, but there remain crucial gaps in description and analysis. We have but a scant account of the foundations of discussion about the BWC, the negotiation period, or the period until the BWC's 1975 entry into force.2. Many potentially important direct and indirect influences on the BWC have not been explored. For example, the negotiators of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty were the same as for the BWC; the full influence on treaty negotiations of uses of tear gas in Vietnam and poison gas in Yemen 1967 remains unexplored. 3. Existing accounts of the BWC are only suggestive about: the influence of non-governmental groups such as Pugwash and the Bernal Peace Library; the thinking of individuals such as Hedley Bull, the international relations scholar, turned director of the Arms Control Disarmament Research Unit of the Foreign Office; and the actions of scientist-advisers such as Sir Solly Zuckermann.By addressing the gaps and research problems outlined above, we suggest that a more thorough historical account based primarily on UK and US sources will contribute far more than added layers of description to existing analysis. In short, our study will seek to write the BWC into the historical writing about the Cold War and, in particular, the period of detente.The research will be of value to academic historians, political scientists and sociologists. This project will make a significant contribution to the mission of the AHRC/RCUK Global Uncertainties Programme by setting approaches to removing conflict (including weapons of mass destruction) in a richer historical context. Through a series of public events, we intend to demonstrate how this research will be relevant to users outside the academic community, particularly those concerned with the development of effective policy approaches to the threat posed by biological weapons such as civil servants, the security community, policy-makers, NGO workers and campaigners.

取缔一整类武器是迈向创建更安全世界的重要一步。四十年前，即 1972 年 4 月 10 日，世界各国被邀请签署新的《生物武器公约》(BWC)，迈出了有史以来的第一步。这项条约已经酝酿数年，旨在禁止生物武器，或更通俗地说是细菌战。因此，它不仅试图限制生物武器，而且尝试全面裁军，这是非常了不起的。三年后，该条约生效，换句话说，其条款现已具有完全的法律效力。目前，尽管遇到了各种挫折，仍有 165 个国家成为《生物武器公约》的缔约国。尽管该公约意义重大，且已临近其生效四十周年，但令人惊讶的是，关于《生物武器公约》起源的学术研究却很少，更不用说关于该条约如何在其更广泛的政治和社会背景下形成的学术研究了。也许更值得注意的是，大多数冷战学术研究都忽视了《生物武器公约》。本研究旨在利用广泛的档案和口头资料，超越对武器条约谈判技术细节的逐一说明，而是提供该条约诞生的深刻历史叙述。《生物武器公约》的历史根源与冷战和其他更广泛的问题密切相关，特别是：英美关系；核武器和化学武器政策；对美国在越南使用化学制剂的不同态度； 1925 年《日内瓦议定书》的不同义务和解释；科学专家和社会科学专家、个人专家和集体专家、民事专家和军事专家在影响事件中所扮演的复杂角色。在这方面： 1. 现有的叙述提供了充分的概述，但在描述和分析方面仍然存在重大差距。我们对《生物武器公约》的讨论基础、谈判期或《生物武器公约》1975 年生效之前的时期知之甚少。2．对《生物武器公约》的许多潜在的重要直接和间接影响尚未得到探讨。例如，《核不扩散条约》的谈判者与《生物武器公约》的谈判者相同； 1967 年越南使用催泪瓦斯和也门使用毒气对条约谈判的全面影响仍有待探索。 3. 现有的《生物武器公约》描述仅具有暗示性：帕格沃什和伯纳尔和平图书馆等非政府团体的影响；国际关系学者、现任外交部军控裁军研究室主任赫德利·布尔等人的想法；通过解决上述差距和研究问题，我们建议主要基于英国和美国资料的更彻底的历史叙述将远远超过对现有分析添加描述层次的贡献。简而言之，我们的研究将寻求将《生物武器公约》写入有关冷战、特别是缓和时期的历史书写中。这项研究对于学术历史学家、政治学家和社会学家来说都具有价值。该项目将通过在更丰富的历史背景下制定消除冲突（包括大规模杀伤性武器）的方法，为 AHRC/RCUK 全球不确定性计划的使命做出重大贡献。通过一系列公共活动，我们打算展示这项研究如何与学术界以外的用户相关，特别是那些关注制定有效政策方法应对生物武器威胁的用户，如公务员、安全界、政策制定者、非政府组织工作人员和活动人士。