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Universities of the Revolution: Black Nationalism and the Prison from the Nation of Islam to the Black Panther Party.

革命大学：黑人民族主义和从伊斯兰民族到黑豹党的监狱。

基本信息

批准号：
AH/L004488/1
负责人：
Zoe Colley
金额：
$ 12.9万
依托单位：
University of Dundee
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FL004488%2F1
关键词：
Universities Revolution Black Nationalism Prison

项目摘要

Universities of the Revolution examines African American prisoners and their role within the black power movement from the 1950s, when the Nation of Islam established prison mosques, through to the height of black power activism between 1966 and 1972. In doing so, this project emphasises both the politicising impact of incarceration and prisoners' agency in challenging the strict racial order inside penal institutions.While the last eight years has seen an outpouring of research on the black power movement, the involvement of African American prisoners remains an underexplored area. This monograph-length study will draw together a broad range of sources, including prisoners' writing, sociological research, personal narratives, underground publications, F.B.I. reports, and mainstream media to offer the first comprehensive analysis of the relationship between radical black activists across the prison walls. In doing so, it will inform historical understanding of African American prisoners' lives and deepen our appreciation of the complexities of black power.The study revolves around three major themes. Firstly, it explores both the efforts of black power groups to recruit African American prisoners and the process by which they came to celebrate the penal system as a site and symbol of black resistance. This opens with the Nation of Islam, whose emphasis upon racial pride, self-help, and psychological transformation held great appeal to black convicts. Thus, the NOI established the basis for a more radical discourse on incarceration that emerged among such groups as the Black Panther Party and the Republic of New Afrika after 1966.Secondly, the research will explore the process of prisoner radicalisation and place it within a wider history of prison race relations. It proposes that, while only a small number of black convicts openly engaged with black power activism, their politicisation was intimately related to the disintegration of the traditional racial order within America's penal system from the late 1950s; it was therefore the product of prison desegregation, a rising black political consciousness, and larger changes in law enforcement during this period. By looking to sociological research conducted during the 1960s, it will reveal how the growing numerical dominance of black prisoners empowered them to challenge their lowly status in prison society. This process was particularly acute in California, New York, and Illinois where penal institutions experienced an unprecedented level of racial violence and protest after 1968. Thus this study will reveal the connections between the black power movement, prisoners, black communities, and the criminal justice system.A third theme is to consider official responses to this process of prisoner radicalisation. It is clear from prison wardens' reports that they considered the growing level of racial discontent inside their institutions to be a grave threat to their governance; they repeatedly connected these problems to the activities of radicalised black prisoners and black power groups outside the prison walls.Finally, by forming a Race and Criminal Justice Research Group, the project will create an international, cross-disciplinary network of scholars whose research addresses matters of race, racism and criminal justice in the broadest sense. Networking events will draw together academics to share their research agendas and explore new collaborative relationships. A website, an edited collection of essays, and public lectures will disseminate this activity both within and beyond academia.In conclusion, by illuminating the central role of prisoners and the penal system within radical black activist circles, this project promises to make a major contribution to the historiography of the black power movement, while also advancing academics' understanding of how race and racial identities impact upon criminal justice systems.

《革命大学》研究了非洲裔美国囚犯及其在黑人权力运动中的作用，从20世纪50年代伊斯兰民族建立监狱清真寺，到1966年至1972年黑人权力运动的高峰。在这样做的时候，这个项目强调了监禁和囚犯的机构在挑战刑罚机构内严格的种族秩序的政治化影响。虽然过去八年已经看到了对黑人权力运动的大量研究，非洲裔美国囚犯的参与仍然是一个未充分探索的领域。这项研究将汇集广泛的资料来源，包括囚犯的写作，社会学研究，个人叙述，地下出版物，联邦调查局。报道和主流媒体提供了第一个全面分析之间的关系激进的黑人活动家在监狱的墙壁。通过这样做，它将告知非裔美国囚犯的生活的历史理解，并加深我们对黑人权力的复杂性的理解。首先，它探讨了黑人权力团体招募非裔美国囚犯的努力，以及他们来庆祝作为黑人抵抗的场所和象征的刑罚系统的过程。这是从《伊斯兰民族》开始的，它强调种族自豪感、自助和心理转变，对黑人罪犯有很大的吸引力。因此，NOI建立了一个更激进的话语的基础上，出现在这样的团体，如黑豹党和新非洲共和国1966年后的监禁。其次，研究将探讨囚犯激进化的过程中，并将其放置在更广泛的历史监狱种族关系。它提出，虽然只有少数黑人罪犯公开参与黑人权力激进主义，但他们的政治化与20世纪50年代后期美国刑事系统内传统种族秩序的解体密切相关;因此，它是监狱废除种族隔离的产物，黑人政治意识的兴起，以及这一时期执法的更大变化。通过回顾20世纪60年代进行的社会学研究，它将揭示黑人囚犯人数的增长如何使他们能够挑战他们在监狱社会中的低下地位。这一过程在加州、纽约和伊利诺伊州尤为严重，1968年后，这些地方的刑罚机构经历了前所未有的种族暴力和抗议。因此，本研究将揭示黑人权力运动，囚犯，黑人社区和刑事司法系统之间的联系。第三个主题是考虑官方对囚犯激进化过程的反应。从监狱长的报告中可以清楚地看出，他们认为监狱内种族不满情绪的日益加剧对监狱的管理构成了严重威胁;他们一再将这些问题与激进的黑人囚犯和黑人权力团体在监狱围墙外的活动联系起来。最后，通过成立一个种族和刑事司法研究小组，该项目将建立一个国际性的，跨学科学者网络，其研究涉及最广泛意义上的种族、种族主义和刑事司法问题。网络活动将吸引学术界人士分享他们的研究议程，并探索新的合作关系。一个网站，一个编辑的论文集，和公开讲座将在学术界内外传播这一活动。总之，通过阐明囚犯和刑罚制度在激进的黑人活动家圈子中的核心作用，这个项目有望对黑人权力运动的史学作出重大贡献，同时也促进了学术界对种族和种族身份如何影响刑事司法系统的理解。