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From Inglis to Scots (FITS): Mapping sounds to spellings

从英格利语到苏格兰语 (FITS)：将声音映射到拼写

基本信息

批准号：
AH/L004542/1
负责人：
Bettelou Los
金额：
$ 105.43万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FL004542%2F1
关键词：
Inglis Scots FITS Mapping sounds

项目摘要

There is no contemporaneous linguistic evidence for the emergence of 'Inglis', the northern variety of English known later as Scots. This gap in the evidential record is frustrating as it is during this period (i.e. between c.1100 and c.1375) that the full Scottish state was established and the regional language known today as Scots began to flourish as its national language. We know that Inglis evolved from the northern variety of Old English known as Old Northumbrian. Unfortunately, Old Northumbrian is itself poorly documented, although sufficient materials survive to show that by 1100 the English of the north was already recognizably different from that of the south. One of the most striking aspects of materials written in Scots between 1375 and 1500 is the sheer number of spelling variants for what are single words with fixed spellings in present day standard written English: the word 'town', for example, is spelled no fewer than 26 ways in pre-1500 Scots. Such diversity of spelling is unsurprising: only when a national written standard began to emerge in the 16th century did spellings become fixed. Studies of other, non-standard, medieval varieties of English have found that spelling variation is almost always the result of regional and/or temporal differences in the diffusion of linguistic change. There is every reason to believe that the spelling variation present in pre-1500 Scots texts has a similar explanation. 15th-century Scots 'full', for example, apparently shows the effects of a change known as 'l-vocalisation' (a process by which the 'l' sound is replaced by a vowel or semivowel), whereas 15th-century Scots 'full' does not. These two variant spellings of 'full' thus provide evidence for a difference in the underlying spoken language, a difference that remains evident today in the contrast between and pronunciations of 'full'. Our goal is to investigate systematically the extent of spelling variation evident in a large corpus of local documents written in Scots between 1380 and 1500. Taking as our starting point the probable phonetic shape of each word at c.1100, we will trace its development through to its set of attested spellings in our corpus. This will involve: (i) determining the likely pronunciations behind each early Scots spelling; and (ii) mapping a path across the evidential gap, i.e. specifying how each spelling and its (reconstructed) pronunciation evolved from its Old English (where possible Old Northumbrian) input form. From this we will catalogue, in a Corpus of Changes, all the linguistic developments involved. Our microscopic study of pre-1500 Scots spellings will thus help us to re-write the phonological history of early Scots. At a time of widespread interest in questions of national identity in the UK, research concerned with questions of national and linguistic origins is especially timely. Our project will contribute a deeper understanding of the linguistic history of Inglis, Scots and English and of the relationship between them.

没有同时代的语言学证据表明“英格利什”的出现，即后来被称为苏格兰语的英语的北方变体。证据记录中的这一空白令人沮丧，因为正是在这一时期（即1100年至1375年），完整的苏格兰国家建立起来，今天被称为苏格兰语的地区语言开始作为其民族语言蓬勃发展。我们知道，英格利斯语是从古英语的北方变体--古诺森伯兰语演变而来的。不幸的是，关于老诺森伯兰语本身的记录很少，尽管有足够的材料表明，到1100年，北方的英语已经明显不同于南方。在1375年至1500年之间用苏格兰语书写的材料中，最引人注目的一个方面是，在现代标准书面英语中，拼写固定的单个单词的拼写变体数量之多：例如，单词“town”在1500年之前的苏格兰语中的拼写方式不少于26种。拼写的多样性并不令人惊讶：直到世纪出现了一种国家书面标准，拼写才变得固定下来。对其他非标准的中世纪英语变体的研究发现，拼写变化几乎总是语言变化扩散的区域和/或时间差异的结果。我们有充分的理由相信，1500年前苏格兰文本中出现的拼写变异也有类似的解释。例如，15世纪的苏格兰人的“full”显然显示了一种被称为“l-发音”的变化的影响（一种将“l”音替换为元音或半元音的过程），而15世纪的苏格兰人的“full”则没有。这两种不同的拼法为潜在的口语差异提供了证据，这种差异在今天的“full”和发音之间的对比中仍然很明显。我们的目标是系统地调查拼写变化的程度明显在1380年和1500年之间写在苏格兰的地方文件的大型语料库。以每个词在公元1100年时的可能语音形式为出发点，我们将追溯它的发展，直到它在我们的语料库中得到证实的拼写。这将涉及：（i）确定每个早期苏格兰拼写背后的可能发音;（ii）绘制跨越证据缺口的路径，即指定每个拼写及其（重建）发音如何从古英语（可能的话，古诺森伯兰语）输入形式演变而来。从这一点出发，我们将在《变化语料库》中对所有涉及的语言发展进行编目。因此，我们对1500年前苏格兰人拼写的微观研究将有助于我们重写早期苏格兰人的语音历史。在英国对民族认同问题普遍感兴趣的时候，有关民族和语言起源问题的研究尤其及时。我们的项目将有助于更深入地了解英格利斯，苏格兰和英语的语言历史以及它们之间的关系。