Anarchism and Eugenics: A Seeming Paradox (1890-1940)

该奖学金旨在研究国际无政府主义劳工运动和国际优生学运动之间的历史重叠。乍一看，这两者似乎是相互排斥的。无政府主义是一种反独裁、平等主义的运动，反对国家权力，质疑一切形式的权威，包括医疗权威，它肯定会被一种“科学”学说所排斥，这种学说试图消除“不适合”，并将“适合”作为“种族”生存的手段。然而，尽管这看起来很奇怪，但不同国家的许多无政府主义思想实际上在历史上确实与优生思想和实践的某些方面相联系，并为它们的传播提供了一个论坛。通过历史分析，将无政府主义的兴趣置于进化思想，人口控制和马尔萨斯的思想，反教权主义和革命转型中，本奖学金绘制了两个运动之间的交叉点和冲突;在他们的鼎盛时期; 1890年代到1940年代。为了做到这一点，奖学金的重点是优生运动和无政府主义运动在五个不同的国家，优生学和无政府主义都有历史影响力-英国，法国，葡萄牙，西班牙和阿根廷。这些运动是同时审查，并在同一时期（1890年至1940年），这两个运动的最大影响力的年份。通过使用一套创新的理论和方法论的工具，从福柯的见解，女权主义认识论，通过“后无政府主义”的解释，本研究旨在改变优生学和无政府主义的史学。第一，因为尽管过去几十年采取了新的方向，但优生学的右翼倾向和中央集权的起源被认为是，任何对优生思想的接受都被解释为本质上的极权主义，并导致纳粹死亡集中营的恐怖;第二，因为人们常常认为，无政府主义的支持者考虑节育是不可思议的，继承的观念或主张实现一个'出生良好'的人口。三个主要目标是寻求在本奖学金的十八个月。第一个目标分析了在所研究的五个国家中，国家和中央集权的做法在优生思想和实践的表达中的重要性。根据当前的政治理论，国家不仅被认为是一个特定的政府、一套政策或立法，而且是一个不同的政治和社会权威框架，可以通过胁迫、武力或同意来实施。无政府主义者的不服从和对国家的不尊重是如何改变自由意志主义运动对优生学的接受的？第二个目标侧重于优生学、无政府主义以及两者之间的跨国知识流动。在这种情况下，优生学在多大程度上被“无政府化”了？第三个目标是探讨另一个主要的社会影响，天主教会的存在，影响了无政府主义的优生学的吸收。无政府主义在多大程度上将其对优生学的参与定义为其所宣称的反教权主义和教会管制性和生殖的权力的一部分？这项研究，跨国在其职权范围内，不仅是历史的范围，但是。通过研究过去对科学思想的接受，我们可以对医学思想的伦理、选择问题、国家和医疗行业的权力提出问题，以塑造人们对疾病的反应和当今社会的赋权。本研究金力求通过学术出版物（一本专著、一篇期刊文章、一篇会议论文）和一个面向公众的展览来传播研究金的研究结果，从而参与这些辩论。

This Fellowship aims to examine the historic overlap between the international anarchist labour movement and the international eugenics movement. At first sight, the two would appear to be mutually exclusive. Anarchism, an anti-authoritarian, egalitarian movement opposed to the power of the state and questioning of all forms of authority, including medical authority, would surely have been repelled by a 'scientific' doctrine that sought to eliminate the 'unfit' and champion the 'fit' as a means of 'race' survival. Paradoxical though it may seem, however, numerous strains of anarchist thought in different countries did in fact engage historically with certain aspects of eugenic thought and practice and provided a forum for their dissemination. By means of a historical analysis that situates anarchism's interest in evolutionary ideas, population control and the ideas of Malthus, anti-clericalism and revolutionary transformation, this Fellowship charts the intersection and the conflicts between - and within - the two movements during their heyday; the 1890s to the 1940s. In order to do so, the Fellowship focuses on the eugenics movement and the anarchist movement in five different countries where both eugenics and anarchism were historically influential - England, France, Portugal, Spain and Argentina. These movements are examined simultaneously and within a contemporaneous period (1890-1940), the years of both movements' maximum influence.By using an innovative set of theoretical and methodological tools, from Foucauldian insights to feminist epistemologies, through to 'post-anarchist' interpretations, this research aims to transform the historiography of both eugenics and anarchism. The first, because, despite new directions taken in the last decades, a right-wing affiliation and a statist origin of eugenics is assumed, whereby any reception of eugenic ideas is interpreted as inherently totalitarian and leading to the horrors of the Nazi death camps; the second, because too often it is thought inconceivable that the supporters of anarchism could contemplate birth control, hereditarian notions or advocate the achievement of a 'well-born' population.Three principal objectives are sought during the eighteen months of this Fellowship. The first objective analyses how important the presence or otherwise of the state and statist practice were in the articulation of eugenic thought and practice in the five countries studied. The state, drawing on current political theory, is considered to be not only a particular government, a set of policies, or legislation, but a varied political and social framework of authority that could be implemented through coercion, force or indeed consent. How did anarchist non-adherence and a lack of deference to the state alter the reception of eugenics by the libertarian movement? The second objective focuses on the transnational knowledge flows within eugenics, anarchism and between the two. To what extent was eugenics 'anarchized' and how was anarchism 'eugenicized' in this scenario? The third objective is to explore how the presence of another major social influence, the Catholic Church, affected the uptake of eugenics by anarchism. To what degree did anarchism define its engagement with eugenics as part of its declared anti-clericalism and the power of the Church to regulate sexuality and reproduction?This research, trans-national in its remit is not merely historical in scope, however. By examining the reception of scientific ideas in the past, we can pose questions on the ethics of medical thought, on matters of choice, on the power of the state and medical profession, to mould people's responses to illness and empowerment in today's society. The Fellowship seeks to engage with these debates by means of academic production (one monograph, one journal article, one conference paper) and a public-facing exhibition for the transmission of the Fellowship's findings.