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Discourses of Eugenic Science in Portugal, 1900-1950: Degeneration, Race and Sexuality

葡萄牙优生科学话语，1900-1950：退化、种族和性

基本信息

批准号：
AH/I026804/1
负责人：
Richard Cleminson
金额：
$ 9.61万
依托单位：
University of Leeds
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI026804%2F1
关键词：
Discourses Eugenic Science Portugal 1900

项目摘要

Eugenics, a set of ideas popular in the early twentieth century that cut across political, social and scientific fields, was concerned with maintaining and fortifying the 'quality' of the 'race' in different countries across the world. While the term nowaday is associated with the appalling Nazi 'experiments' on 'inferior' human beings and the death camps, historians have warned against understanding eugenics from its 'end point', that is, forced sterilization and the elimination of the 'unfit'. Over the last thirty years, without advocating that these links should be forgotten or minimized in any way, scholars have tried to understand different countries' eugenics movements as specific creations coming out the social, political and scientific circumstances at play in a particular geographical area. The characteristics, underlying assumptions and aspirations of these movements may have been very different to the eugenics of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. Such a contextualised broader view has enabled the research of heavily class-imbued eugenics, such as that which developed in England, with a particularly strong concession to constitutionally inherited characteristics within concepts like 'feeble mindedness', has produced examinations of eugenics of different tenors such as Spanish and Latin American forms which focused more on what one British eugenicist, for the Brazilian case, qualified as basic santitation and elementary sexology, and has encouraged the study of other forms, such as Soviet eugenics, which attempted to unite eugenics and biological improvement within ostensibly Marxist political frameworks.Eugenics, then, rather than a strictly defined set of theories or even methodologies for racial improvement, was inflected in accordance with a variety of factors such as: the nature of the national scientific culture of the period and the models of hereditary transmission of 'good' and 'bad' characteristics that were prevalent; the political regime that adopted or sanctioned eugenics, whether Nazism in Germany or social democracy in Scandinavia; the presence of religious misgivings or opposition, as in Portugal where the Catholic church was particularly influential; the role of 'racial' theories and a country's relation to its empire or foreign neighbours. However, if anything unites these diverse expressions, it was the fear of losing control over the ways in which a given population reproduced and lived its sexual life that was at the heart of the movement. This in turn led to a vast range of eugenic recipes for racial improvement and for a halt to the degeneration of the species.Recent historiography of eugenics has recognized both these variables and these core features and has moved beyond discussing eugenics in so-called 'mainline' countries - Britain, Germany and the United States - to extend its gaze to less commonly examined countries such as Poland, Switzerland, Spain and Hungary. Despite renewed interest in the history of eugenics, however, Portugal's reception of the science has barely been examined to date; only one academic article has been published in 1998 in Portuguese. This project seeks to fill this historiographical gap and in doing so also aims to make a significant contribution to the history of Portugal, a discipline where political history predominates and social histories of science, sexuality and cultural studies are far from the norm. Lastly, this project aims to contribute to current debate on the uses of the past to inform present discussions of the 'new eugenics' of the early twenty-first century, an era of genetic choice led by a combination of scientific advances and individualized consumer options. In similar ways to the spring 2007 issue of New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics, which focused on 'new' and 'old' eugenics and the relations between the two, thisstudy aims to highlight the role and relevance of the humanities in articulating such analyses.

优生学是世纪早期流行的一套思想，它跨越了政治、社会和科学领域，关注的是在世界各地不同国家保持和加强“种族”的“质量”。虽然现在这个词与纳粹对“劣等”人类和死亡集中营进行的令人震惊的“实验”联系在一起，但历史学家警告说，不要从优生学的“终点”（即强制绝育和消除“不适合”的人）来理解优生学。'在过去的三十年里，学者们并没有主张这些联系应该被遗忘或以任何方式最小化，而是试图将不同国家的优生学运动理解为特定地理区域的社会，政治和科学环境的具体创造。这些运动的特征、基本假设和愿望可能与20世纪30年代和40年代纳粹德国的优生学截然不同。这样一个语境化的更广泛的观点，使研究严重的阶级灌输优生学，如在英国发展，特别是强烈的让步，宪法继承的特点，如概念“虚弱的头脑”，产生了不同的男高音优生学的考试，如西班牙和拉丁美洲的形式，更侧重于什么一个英国优生学家，为巴西的情况下，它被认为是基本的性学和基本的性学，并鼓励了对其他形式的研究，如苏联优生学，它试图将优生学和生物学改善结合在表面上的马克思主义政治框架内。优生学，然后，而不是一套严格定义的理论，甚至是种族改善的方法，这一时期的民族科学文化的性质和当时流行的“好”、“坏"的遗传传递模式;采纳或认可优生学的政治制度，无论是德国的纳粹主义还是斯堪的纳维亚半岛的社会民主主义;宗教疑虑或反对的存在，如在葡萄牙，天主教会特别有影响力;“种族”理论的作用以及一个国家与其帝国或外国邻国的关系。然而，如果说有什么东西能把这些不同的表达方式联系起来的话，那就是担心失去对特定人口生殖和性生活方式的控制，这是这场运动的核心。近年来，优生学的史学研究已经认识到了这些变量和核心特征，并且已经超越了对所谓“主流”国家--英国、德国和美国--优生学的讨论，将目光延伸到了不太常被研究的国家，如波兰、瑞士、西班牙和匈牙利。然而，尽管人们对优生学的历史重新产生了兴趣，但葡萄牙对优生学的接受程度迄今为止几乎没有被研究过; 1998年只有一篇葡萄牙语的学术文章发表。该项目旨在填补这一历史空白，并在这样做的目的也是作出重大贡献的葡萄牙历史，政治史占主导地位的科学，性和文化研究的社会历史的学科是远离规范。最后，本项目旨在促进当前关于使用过去的辩论，以告知当前关于世纪初“新优生学”的讨论，这是一个由科学进步和个性化消费者选择相结合领导的遗传选择时代。与2007年春季出版的《新形态：文化/理论/政治杂志》（New Formations：A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics）类似，该杂志关注“新”和“旧”优生学以及两者之间的关系，本研究旨在突出人文学科在阐明此类分析中的作用和相关性。