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The Oxyrhynchus Papyri

俄克喜林克斯纸莎草纸

基本信息

批准号：
AH/M011313/1
负责人：
Peter Parsons
金额：
$ 101.57万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FM011313%2F1
关键词：
Oxyrhynchus Papyri

项目摘要

When excavators dug al-Bahnasa, some 200 km south of Cairo, they found the rubbish dumps of ancient Oxyrhynchus, with 500,000 fragments of papyrus books and documents, mostly in Greek. This random archive materializes the Greek colonial class which effectively governed Egypt from Alexander the Great to the Arab conquest. About 10% of the papyri come from books, among them classical Greek authors whose work disappeared in whole or part during the Middle Ages: the songs of Sappho, the comedies of Menander, the elegies of Callimachus, all famous in their time. The remainder comprises public and private documents: edicts, tax-assessments, tax-returns, census-forms, property-registers, sales, leases, loans, receipts, wills, marriages, shopping-lists, household accounts and many private letters, spanning mostly the first seven centuries AD, when Egypt was a province of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. The sorting, decipherment and publication of this material continues, and the results constitute a unique resource for scholars in various disciplines. Historians of classical literature get access to vanished libraries, which have recently yielded (for example) poems by Archilochus and Simonides; they can also study reading-habits and local litterateurs, the history of the book and the development of education. For the Roman historian, the documents come much closer to the ground than the literary sources, which focus on high politics. Official diaries record the day-to-day activity of officials. Court records show the cohabitation of Roman and local law. Land-leases and donkey-sales hint at levels of inflation. Private letters illustrate the grass-roots economy, the networks of family and friends, the Greek language assuming its modern form. Both books and documents chronicle Egyptian Christianity: persecution and establishment, uncanonical gospels and doctrinal strife, personal devotion in prayers and amulets. In this new phase of the project we propose to publish 300 unedited papyri, chosen for their special contribution to the cultural and political history of the Roman and early Byzantine world. We will publish early papyri of an uncanonical Gospel, of the Greek Old Testament and of patristic texts, which exemplify the reading habits and doctrinal evolution of the primitive church: among them, fragments in Greek and in Coptic of the widely popular 'Shepherd of Hermas'. We have identified literary texts of works and authors long lost, to include fragments of Simonides and of unknown comedies, novels and historians, like 'Kalligone and the Amazons' and an anonymous 'Alexander and his successors'; and also of known authors (Thucydides, Apollonius Rhodius) whose text can be improved by the very early copies in our collection. A group of school exercises and grammars will document the intellectual formation of the provincial elite, from elementary schooling to oratorical mastery. Documentary texts have been chosen to illuminate the relations between Egypt, its grandees and its population, and the Emperor and his regime. So, a Prefect of Egypt stands accused of corruption before the Emperor Hadrian; a shield-shaped placard was once carried in procession to celebrate an imperial anniversary; further papers from the archives of the Apion family highlight the local barons whom Byzantine Emperors had to coopt and control. Add the drawings, now assembled for the first time, which range from simple doodles to illustrated books, from architectural blueprints to textile-designs: an Infant Horus in the Primal Egg illustrates Greco-Egyptian religion, an Angel with Black Boots reflects Christian iconography. Empire and Late Antiquity, in all their complex reality, have left a paper-trail in the dumps of Oxyrhynchus, and this is the trail that our project will be following.

当挖掘机在开罗以南约 200 公里处的巴赫纳萨 (al-Bahnasa) 进行挖掘时，他们发现了古代奥克西林库斯 (Oxyrhynchus) 的垃圾场，其中有 50 万份纸莎草书籍和文件的碎片，其中大部分是希腊语。这个随机档案体现了从亚历山大大帝到阿拉伯征服期间有效统治埃及的希腊殖民阶级。大约 10% 的纸莎草纸来自书籍，其中包括古希腊作家的作品，他们的作品在中世纪全部或部分消失：萨福的歌曲、米南德的喜剧、卡利马科斯的挽歌，这些都在当时广为人知。其余部分包括公共和私人文件：法令、纳税评估、纳税申报表、人口普查表、财产登记、销售、租赁、贷款、收据、遗嘱、婚姻、购物清单、家庭账户和许多私人信件，时间跨度主要是公元前七个世纪，当时埃及是罗马和拜占庭帝国的一个省。该材料的整理、破译和出版仍在继续，其结果为各学科的学者构成了独特的资源。古典文学史学家可以访问消失的图书馆，其中最近藏有阿基洛科斯和西蒙尼德斯的诗歌；他们还可以研究阅读习惯和当地文学家、书籍的历史和教育的发展。对于罗马历史学家来说，这些文献比关注高层政治的文学资料更贴近实际。官方日记记录了官员的日常活动。法庭记录显示罗马法与地方法并存。土地租赁和卖驴暗示了通货膨胀水平。私人信件展示了草根经济、家人和朋友的网络、希腊语言的现代形式。书籍和文献都记录了埃及基督教：迫害和建立、非正典福音和教义冲突、个人对祈祷和护身符的奉献。在该项目的这个新阶段，我们建议出版 300 份未经编辑的纸莎草纸，这些纸莎草纸是因其对罗马和早期拜占庭世界的文化和政治历史的特殊贡献而被选中的。我们将出版一部非正统福音书、希腊旧约和教父文本的早期纸莎草纸，它们体现了原始教会的阅读习惯和教义演变：其中包括广为流传的《赫尔马斯牧羊人》的希腊语和科普特语片段。我们已经确定了早已失传的作品和作者的文学文本，其中包括西蒙尼德斯的片段以及不为人知的喜剧、小说和历史学家的片段，例如《卡利戈涅和亚马逊人》和匿名的《亚历山大和他的继承者》；以及著名作家（修昔底德、阿波罗尼乌斯·罗迪乌斯）的作品，他们的文本可以通过我们收藏中的早期副本进行改进。一组学校练习和语法将记录省级精英从小学教育到演讲技巧的智力形成。选择纪录片来阐明埃及、其显贵和人民以及皇帝及其政权之间的关系。因此，一位埃及省长在哈德良皇帝面前被指控腐败；曾经有人举着盾形标语牌游行庆祝帝国周年纪念日；阿皮翁家族档案中的进一步文件强调了拜占庭皇帝必须拉拢和控制的当地贵族。添加现在首次组装的图纸，范围从简单的涂鸦到插图书籍，从建筑蓝图到纺织品设计：原始蛋中的婴儿荷鲁斯说明了希腊埃及宗教，穿黑靴子的天使反映了基督教的肖像。帝国和古代晚期，在其复杂的现实中，在奥克西林库斯的垃圾场中留下了文字痕迹，这就是我们的项目将遵循的痕迹。