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Encyclopaedia of Shakespeare's Language

莎士比亚语言百科全书

基本信息

批准号：
AH/N002415/1
负责人：
Jonathan Culpeper
金额：
$ 102.44万
依托单位：
Lancaster University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2016 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FN002415%2F1
关键词：
Encyclopaedia Shakespeare Language

项目摘要

Shakespearean scholarship is of global interest, and has accrued considerable economic benefit to the UK. 2014 and 2016 mark the anniversaries of Shakespeare's birth and death. Yet, while we celebrate Shakespeare's language, its study suffers neglect, relative to literary and cultural studies. Moreover, no study of Shakespeare has deployed the latest methods used by today's linguists to interrogate large electronic collections of texts (corpora) in a comprehensive way. The Encyclopaedia of Shakespeare's Language project will fill this gap, bringing scholarship on Shakespeare's language fully into the 21st century.The premier reference for historical English language, the Oxford English Dictionary, is limited with respect to Shakespeare's language. Firstly, since its entries for the relevant period are often based on Shakespeare's works, they provide no independent perspective. Second, it prioritises etymology, rather than thoroughly examining how Shakespeare actually used language, with reference to its contexts and effects. Onions' (1911) glossary of Shakespeare follows this tradition. Moreover, all Shakespearean dictionaries, including Crystal and Crystal (2004), define words in terms of synonyms. The word horrid, for example, is glossed with words such as 'horrifying' and 'terrifying'. However, Shakespeare is more specific: he typically uses horrid to refer to fear caused by supernatural or unnatural acts, sights and sounds. The Encyclopaedia will use frequency information and linguistic context to reveal subtle patterns of meaning and usage, which have eluded Shakespearean scholarship.A unique feature of the encyclopaedia is that comparisons are at its heart. Internal comparisons will reveal how Shakespeare's language varies. For instance, we will show how certain words, meanings, and structures are peculiar to tragedies, comedies or histories; to social groups; and to specific periods. For example, the exclamation ah, signalling emotional distress or pity, is characteristic of the histories, and occurs more than twice as densely in the speech of female characters compared with male. Moreover, state-of-the-art techniques will be used to compare Shakespeare's use of language with a 321-million-word corpus consisting of Early Modern texts across all extant genres, 1580 to 1640. These external comparisons will enable discovery not only of specific uses characteristic of Shakespeare, but also of the 'flavour' of particular items (e.g. whether certain words were considered colloquial, religious, courteous, etc.). For example, Ah is used relatively frequently by Shakespeare, compared with his contemporaries, and, despite being characteristic of the histories, is strongly colloquial in flavour, occurring densely in speech-related genres (e.g. trial proceedings). The major output from the project will be a two-volume encyclopaedia, designed to be accessible to a wide range of users. The first volume will focus on words, including multi-word expressions. For example, Shakespeare had a penchant for using multi-word expressions beginning with the pronoun I (e.g. 'I pray you') - something which gives insight into an important mechanism of his dialogue. The second volume will focus on patterns of words and how they constitute idiolects for characters, sociolects for groups of characters and themes for plays and groups of plays (tragedies/comedies/histories). For example, Juliet's idiolect features words such as if and yet - words that reflect her anxieties. The encyclopaedia will be launched in three versions: paper, web-based and as an app. Moreover, the project will make available both its comprehensively annotated Shakespeare texts and its work on the comparative data, and provide various training opportunities and resources (e.g. youtube videos, a miniMOOC) on how to use them. Users will be able to pursue their own specific research interests.

莎士比亚学术受到全球关注，并为英国带来了可观的经济利益。 2014年和2016年是莎士比亚的诞辰和逝世周年纪念日。然而，当我们颂扬莎士比亚的语言时，相对于文学和文化研究而言，莎士比亚的研究却遭到忽视。此外，莎士比亚的研究还没有采用当今语言学家使用的最新方法来全面询问大型电子文本集（语料库）。莎士比亚语言百科全书项目将填补这一空白，将莎士比亚语言的学术研究全面带入21世纪。历史英语的主要参考文献《牛津英语词典》对莎士比亚语言的描述有限。首先，由于其相关时期的条目往往取材于莎士比亚的作品，因此没有提供独立的视角。其次，它优先考虑词源学，而不是参考其上下文和效果来彻底研究莎士比亚实际上如何使用语言。洋葱 (1911) 的莎士比亚词汇表遵循了这一传统。此外，所有莎士比亚词典，包括《Crystal》和《Crystal》（2004），都是根据同义词来定义单词的。例如，“horrid”这个词就被“horrifying”和“terrifying”等词修饰。然而，莎士比亚更为具体：他通常使用“horrid”来指代因超自然或不自然的行为、景象和声音而引起的恐惧。百科全书将利用频率信息和语言背景来揭示意义和用法的微妙模式，而这些模式是莎士比亚学术所无法企及的。百科全书的一个独特之处在于，比较是其核心。内部比较将揭示莎士比亚的语言如何变化。例如，我们将展示某些词语、含义和结构是如何为悲剧、喜剧或历史所特有的；对社会团体；并针对特定时期。例如，表示情绪困扰或怜悯的感叹号“啊”是历史的特征，在女性角色的言语中出现的频率是男性的两倍多。此外，最先进的技术将用于将莎士比亚的语言使用与 3.21 亿单词的语料库进行比较，该语料库由 1580 年至 1640 年所有现存流派的早期现代文本组成。这些外部比较不仅可以发现莎士比亚的特定用法特征，还可以发现特定项目的“风味”（例如，某些单词是否被认为是口语、宗教、礼貌、等）。例如，与同时代的莎士比亚相比，莎士比亚使用“Ah”的频率相对较高，并且尽管具有历史特征，但具有强烈的口语味道，大量出现在与言语相关的体裁中（例如审判程序）。该项目的主要成果将是一本两卷本的百科全书，旨在供广大用户使用。第一卷将重点关注单词，包括多词表达。例如，莎士比亚喜欢使用以代词“I”开头的多词表达（例如“我祈祷你”）——这可以让我们深入了解他的对话的重要机制。第二卷将重点关注词语的模式以及它们如何构成人物的惯用语、人物群体的社会语言以及戏剧和戏剧群体（悲剧/喜剧/历史）的主题。例如，朱丽叶的白话包括“如果”和“然而”等词语，这些词语反映了她的焦虑。该百科全书将推出三个版本：纸质版、网络版和应用程序版。此外，该项目将提供其全面注释的莎士比亚文本及其比较数据的工作，并提供有关如何使用它们的各种培训机会和资源（例如 youtube 视频、迷你 MOOC）。用户将能够追求自己的特定研究兴趣。