Crossing Boundaries: The History of First Aid in Britain and France, 1909-1989

在过去的二十年里，历史学家们对英国初级和二级医疗保健服务的增长有了深入的了解。然而，这种对专业机构护理的关注忽视了个人、自愿和社区形式的医疗保健(通常被称为急救)的历史。然而，了解20世纪非医疗机构治疗的轨迹，尤其是免费提供的全民医疗服务对公众自我治疗轻伤的意愿的影响，有助于阐明福利国家时代国家提供服务、个人责任和自愿行动的界限。此外，追踪急救的命运提供了一个机会，为英国国家卫生服务体系对当前危机的反应提供信息，特别是最近对全科医生手术和急救部门的巨大需求。第一援助是一个宽泛的术语，包括从贴膏药到准备和管理战争影响的各种活动。我们将重点关注轻伤的初步治疗和由公认的医疗专业人员以外的人承担的基本生命维持技术。我们研究的一个主要焦点将是英国红十字会开展的急救活动和急救知识的传播。此外，将通过审查法国非专业治疗的发展来考虑英国经验的典型性。法国被选为其医疗体系，志愿协会的发展方式与英国不同。与英国相比，宗教组织的作用更加突出，也更具争议性，国家对急救提供者的监督进行了更大程度的干预，而且一系列优先事项受到战争和入侵经历的强烈影响。此外，缴费保险的中心地位和医生不受国家雇佣的自由，可能塑造了急救在法国体系中的持续作用。目前，缺乏历史学家撰写的关于急救的文献，医学研究人员也缺乏对过去急救实践的评估，英国红十字会最近发起的一项研究解决了这一问题。对这一主题的医学人文方法提供了对急救的更全面的看法，检查了急救实践的记忆和反思以及传统的档案研究。我们的方法包括检查英国和法国红十字会、圣约翰救护车、英国国家档案馆和法国国家图书馆、英国和法国地方档案馆以及苏塞克斯的群众观察档案馆的记录，这些档案馆记录了公众意见。进一步的研究将探索教育书籍和电影，以及口头证词，以调查急救的政策和技术。除了社会、文化、经济和政治历史之外，我们的方法还受到社会学概念的启发，这些概念与不同培训的人之间的知识边界有关。如何为公众选择安全的做法，同时保持训练有素的专业人员的地位？医学界愿意分享哪些对象和做法，公众愿意使用哪些？我们将通过小组访谈加强对这些主题的评估，在职和退休医生以及英国红十字会急救志愿者和协调员将参与其中，以讨论急救实践的历史以及加强当今政策和实践的机会。出版物、网站和互动活动将传播我们的研究成果。

Over the past twenty years historians have developed a sophisticated understanding of the growth of primary and secondary healthcare provision in Britain. However, this focus on professional, institutional care has overlooked the history of the personal, voluntary and communitarian forms of healthcare generally known as first aid. Yet understanding the trajectory of non-institutional treatment across the twentieth century, and in particular the effect of freely available universal healthcare provision on the willingness of the public to self-treat minor injuries, can help to illuminate the boundaries of state provision, individual responsibility and voluntary action in the era of welfare states. Moreover, tracing the fate of first aid provides an opportunity to inform responses to the current crisis in the British National Health Service, especially recent heavy demands on GP surgeries and accident and emergency departments.First aid is a broad term encompassing activities from applying a sticking plaster, to preparing for and managing the effects of war. We will focus on the initial treatment of minor injuries and techniques for basic life support undertaken by people other than recognized medical professionals. A major focus for our research will be the first aid activity and the diffusion of first aid knowledge conducted by the British Red Cross. Furthermore, the typicality of the British experience will be considered through an examination of the development of non-professional treatment in France. France has been chosen as its healthcare system and voluntary associations developed in different ways to those in England. In comparison to England there has been a more prominent, and controversial, role for religious organisations, a greater level of state intervention in the oversight of first aid providers and a set of priorities strongly influenced by the experience of war and invasion. Moreover, the centrality of contributory insurance and the freedom of doctors from state employment may have shaped the continuing role of first aid within the French system.Currently, there is a lack of literature on first aid written by historians, and there is also a dearth of evaluation of past first aid practices by medical researchers, which has recently been addressed by a study initiated by the British Red Cross. A medical humanities approach to this topic offers a more rounded view of first aid, examining memories and reflections of first aid practice along with traditional archival research. Our methods include examining records in archives of the British and French Red Cross, St John Ambulance, the National Archives in Britain and the National Library in France, British and French local archives, and the Mass Observation Archive in Sussex which documents public opinions. Further research will explore educational books and films, and oral testimony in order to investigate the policy and techniques of first aid. In addition to social, cultural, economic and political history, our approach is informed by sociological concepts in relation to the boundaries of knowledge between differently trained people. How are safe practices chosen for the public, while preserving the status of trained professionals? Which objects and practices are the medical profession willing to share and which are the public willing to use? Our evaluation of these topics will be enhanced through group interviews, to which working and retired medical practitioners and British Red Cross first aid volunteers and co-ordinators will contribute in order to discuss the history of first aid practices and opportunities for enhancing policy and practice today. Publications, a website, and interactive events will disseminate the outcomes of our research.