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Money, Slavery and Political Change in Precolonial West Africa

前殖民时期西非的金钱、奴隶制和政治变革

基本信息

批准号：
AH/N004485/1
负责人：
Toby Oliver Ray Green
金额：
$ 25.67万
依托单位：
King's College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2016 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FN004485%2F1
关键词：
Money Slavery Political Change Precolonial

项目摘要

This project brings together two vital aspects of precolonial West African history which hitherto have been analysed separately. It places new pan-Atlantic perspectives on the history of slavery and the African diaspora alongside new archival data on the currencies linking West Africa and the Atlantic world, to offer a new approach to the history of economic underdevelopment in African and world history: the core argument is that the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the currencies linking African and world economies from the 17th to the 19th centuries formed part of the same economic structure which led to underdevelopment in precolonial West Africa.Since the 1960s, historians have focussed on the history of the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a key factor in shaping the history of precolonial West Africa, with important discussions as to whether the slave trade expanded forms of slavery in West Africa itself (Rodney 1966; Fage 1969; Lovejoy 1983). Meanwhile, economic historians looked in some detail at the history of currencies in precolonial West Africa, and at how currency imports and currency-use reflected social and economic changes also linking Africa and the world economy (Adebayo 1994; Guyer 2004; Hogendorn/Johnson 1986; Inikori 2007; Lovejoy 1974). Yet until now, there has been no systematic analysis of the way in which the history of slavery and the history of currency were interdependent, reflecting key aspects of precolonial West African political change which created the indigenous economic and political structures which faced the rise of colonialism in the late 19th century.The PI's key hypothesis is therefore that the analysis of both the history of slavery and of the emergence of economic underdevelopment in West Africa emerges more clearly if slavery and currency histories are analysed together. Where enslaved Africans were used as forms of currency and credit in early Atlantic economies (cf Newson/Minchin 2007; Newson 2013), understanding the trans-Atlantic slave trade as part of the economic complex which contributed to underdevelopment can make a real contribution to understanding processes of economic change both in Africa and in the world; such a focus reveals also how economic patterns and cross-cultural exchange were connected. Meanwhile, new evidence on pan-Atlantic diasporas in the history of slavery (Barcia 2014; Candido 2013; Ferreira 2012; Green 2012) show how histories of slavery, racism, and histories of economic divergences offer close correlations: where racial stereotypes were not universal as late as the 1640s, as the portraits of Kongolese ambassadors by Albert Eckhout in Brazil make clear, the emergence of such stereotypes went with the rapid expansion of the Atlantic slave economy from West Africa after 1660 (Gikandi 2011).The new archival data found -- and theoretical advances made -- since African currency history was last debated in detail can build on new directions in the field. New institutional economics' focus on trust builds heavily on African examples (Cohen 1971; Greif 1993). In the Dutch Atlantic context, Nimako and Willemsen (2011) have indeed argued that the slave trade needs to be viewed partly through the lens of world economic history; meanwhile, work on slavery in precolonial northern Nigeria has shown that slaves were used as a form of currency in the 19th century (Hogendorn 1977). Bridging the histories of slavery and economic change in Africa therefore can produce leading contributions to core fields.The project thus allows the PI to enhance the leadership role which their publications (Green 2011; 2012; 2016) have developed. This leadership will be further consolidated through mentoring a postdoctoral researcher working on a specific case study that supports the hypothesis; staging public impact events alongside Ecobank and the OCR A Level examination board; and organising an academic colloquium in Brazil, and discussion panels in the USA and the UK.

这个项目汇集了西非殖民前历史的两个重要方面，迄今为止，这两个方面一直是分开分析的。它将奴隶制和非洲侨民历史的新泛大西洋视角与连接西非和大西洋世界的货币的新档案数据结合起来，为非洲和世界历史上经济不发达的历史提供了一种新的方法：核心论点是，从17世纪到19世纪，跨大西洋的奴隶贸易和连接非洲和世界经济的货币构成了导致前殖民时期西非欠发达的同一经济结构的一部分。自20世纪60年代以来，历史学家一直关注跨大西洋奴隶贸易的历史，认为这是塑造殖民前西非历史的关键因素，并就奴隶贸易是否扩大了西非本身的奴隶制形式进行了重要讨论（Rodney 1966; Fage 1969; Lovejoy 1983）。与此同时，经济历史学家详细研究了西非殖民前的货币历史，以及货币进口和货币使用如何反映了将非洲与世界经济联系起来的社会和经济变化（Adebayo 1994; Guyer 2004; Hogendorn/Johnson 1986; Inikori 2007; Lovejoy 1974）。然而，直到现在，还没有系统地分析奴隶制的历史和货币的历史是如何相互依存的，反映了前殖民时期西非政治变革的关键方面，这些变革创造了19世纪后期面临殖民主义崛起的本土经济和政治结构。因此，PI的关键假设是，如果将奴隶制和货币历史放在一起分析，那么对西非奴隶制历史和经济不发达现象的分析就会变得更加清晰。在早期大西洋经济体中，被奴役的非洲人被用作货币和信贷的形式（参见Newson/Minchin 2007； Newson 2013），将跨大西洋奴隶贸易理解为导致不发达的经济综合体的一部分，可以为理解非洲和世界的经济变革过程做出真正的贡献；这种关注也揭示了经济模式和跨文化交流是如何联系在一起的。同时，关于奴隶制历史上泛大西洋移民的新证据(Barcia 2014; Candido 2013; Ferreira 2012；Green 2012)展示了奴隶制、种族主义和经济差异的历史是如何密切相关的：种族刻板印象直到1640年代才普遍存在，正如Albert Eckhout在巴西的刚果大使的肖像所表明的那样，这种刻板印象的出现伴随着1660年后西非大西洋奴隶经济的迅速扩张（Gikandi 2011）。自非洲货币历史上次被详细讨论以来，新发现的档案数据和理论进展可以为该领域的新方向奠定基础。新制度经济学对信任的关注主要建立在非洲的例子上（Cohen 1971; Greif 1993）。在荷兰大西洋的背景下，Nimako和Willemsen（2011）确实认为，奴隶贸易需要部分地通过世界经济史的视角来看待；同时，对前殖民时期尼日利亚北部奴隶制的研究表明，奴隶在19世纪被用作一种货币（Hogendorn 1977）。因此，将奴隶制的历史与非洲的经济变化联系起来，可以为核心领域做出重要贡献。因此，该项目使PI能够加强其出版物（绿色2011;2012;2016）所发挥的领导作用。这种领导力将通过指导一名博士后研究人员进行支持该假设的具体案例研究来进一步巩固；与Ecobank和OCR A Level考试委员会一起举办公众影响活动；在巴西组织学术研讨会，在美国和英国组织讨论小组。