Geographies of Power on Land and Water: Space, People, and Borders

陆地和水上权力的地理：空间、人民和边界

• 批准号: AH/R002320/1
• 负责人: Rachel Herrmann
• 金额: $ 4.59万
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FR002320%2F1
• 关键词: Geographies; Power; Land; Water; Space

A number of distinct and usually separate avenues of scholarship examine early modern border spaces, sometimes characterized as lines and sometimes as zones, including Atlantic history, maritime history, the 'frontier' or continental history of North America, hemispheric histories of the Americas, and Native American history. Each of these approaches is defined by a distinctive geographic perspective and set of questions. This network is innovative in challenging participants to bridge across space and methodology, reorienting perspectives and facilitating a comparative analysis of the early modern origins of and contests over the borders and bordered spaces that inform immigration debates today.With the discovery of routes to and around Africa and the Americas from the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries, the map of the world seemed to be redrawn, in the process casting up for debate which borderlines would persist. A range of people--political officials, merchants, and ordinary women and men--drew, debated, and denounced boundaries, observed or ignored them, fought over them, and forged networks that transcended them. Boundaries were meant to demarcate sovereignty and political control, assert claims to natural resources and inhabitants' loyalty, establish closed zones of economic activity, and in myriad ways determine who was in and who out. Some borders today are readily visible: a concrete wall, a motorway barricade, an airport immigration officer. Early modern boundaries were more amorphous for three reasons: first, in a newly 'Atlantic' world, the definition and practice of trans-oceanic empires had to be reconfigured, involving perpetual contest between Natives and newcomers, centres and peripheries, and among imperial rivals. Native Americans, Britain, Spain, and the United States all claimed West Florida, for instance, during the eighteenth century. Second, and simultaneously, newly emerging notions of the nation-state provoked internal debate about who had the right to claim territory and what determined membership in a national community; the United States struggled with these questions from the 1770s to the 1860s. Third, on a practical level, such boundaries were often impossible to define or defend because they existed in places where people couldn't see or enforce them, like the interior of a continent where Native Americans such as the Chickasaws marked out borders that Europeans did not recognise. These problems meant that however they were drawn, boundary lines were impermanent, particularly in places beyond the direct military and administrative oversight of European empires.Our network will bring together multiple scholarly conversations, to ask how early modern empires, on-the-ground inhabitants, and voyagers defined, defied, and took advantage of Atlantic World borders, be they on land or on water. We propose a network that will expand over time, bringing together scholars through three linked workshops. The first will take place at Temple University (Philadelphia, USA), and will feature a select group of participants, each of whom will commit to attending one of the two remaining workshops. This workshop will delineate additional questions that will help scholars think through best practices for working in these often disparate fields. The next workshop will take place at the University of Southampton (Southampton, UK), and will feature participants from the first workshop and additional attendees chosen through a call for papers. The last workshop will take place at the Institute of Historical Research (London, UK), and will focus upon early modern maps and mapping. In consultation with the IHR's archivists, each participant--including speakers from the first workshop and participants selected through a call for papers--will centre their paper on a historical map in the IHR collections. They will use the maps as tools to think through and ground their analysis about early modern borders.

一些不同的，通常是独立的学术途径研究早期现代边界空间，有时被描述为线，有时被描述为区域，包括大西洋历史，海洋历史，北美的“边疆”或大陆历史，美洲的半球历史和美洲原住民历史。这些方法中的每一种都由一个独特的地理视角和一系列问题定义。这个网络具有创新性，它挑战参与者跨越空间和方法，重新确定视角，并促进对边界和边界空间的早期现代起源和争夺进行比较分析，这些边界和边界空间为今天的移民辩论提供了信息，随着十五世纪至十九世纪通往非洲和美洲的路线的发现，世界地图似乎被重新绘制，在这一过程中，哪些边界线将继续存在。一系列的人--政治官员、商人和普通的女人和男人--描绘、辩论和谴责边界，观察或忽视它们，为它们而战，并建立超越它们的网络。边界是为了划分主权和政治控制，主张对自然资源和居民的忠诚，建立封闭的经济活动区，并以各种方式决定谁在谁在。今天，一些边界是显而易见的：混凝土墙，高速公路路障，机场移民官员。近代早期的边界比较模糊，原因有三：第一，在一个新的“大西洋”世界，跨洋帝国的定义和实践必须重新配置，包括本地人和新来者、中心和边缘地区以及帝国对手之间的永久竞争。例如，在18世纪，美洲原住民、英国、西班牙和美国都声称拥有西佛罗里达。其次，与此同时，新出现的民族国家概念引发了关于谁有权要求领土以及什么决定民族共同体成员资格的内部辩论;从18世纪70年代到19世纪60年代，美国一直在努力解决这些问题。第三，在实际层面上，这种边界往往是不可能定义或捍卫的，因为它们存在于人们看不到或执行它们的地方，比如大陆的内部，美洲原住民如奇克索人标出了欧洲人不承认的边界。这些问题意味着，无论如何划定，边界线都不是永久性的，特别是在欧洲帝国的直接军事和行政监督之外的地方。我们的网络将汇集多个学术对话，询问早期现代帝国，地面居民和航海者如何定义，蔑视和利用大西洋世界的边界，无论是在陆地上还是在水上。我们提出了一个网络，将随着时间的推移而扩大，通过三个相互联系的研讨会汇集学者。第一次研讨会将在坦普尔大学（美国费城）举行，将有一组精选的参与者，每个人都将承诺参加剩下的两个研讨会之一。本次研讨会将描述更多的问题，这将有助于学者们思考在这些往往不同的领域工作的最佳实践。下一次研讨会将在南安普顿大学（南安普顿，英国）举行，并将以第一次研讨会的参与者和通过论文征集选择的其他与会者为特色。最后一个研讨会将在历史研究所（英国伦敦）举行，重点关注早期现代地图和制图。在与《国际卫生条例》档案管理员协商后，每个与会者-包括第一次研讨会的发言者和通过征稿选出的与会者-将把他们的论文集中在《国际卫生条例》收藏的一幅历史地图上。他们将使用这些地图作为工具来思考和分析早期现代边界。