Enggano in the Austronesian family: Historical and typological perspectives

恩加诺语（Enggano）是印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛南部沿海的恩加诺岛上的一种语言，约有1000人使用。恩加诺被列为“受威胁”：只有老一代人完全有能力和流利的发言。许多孩子会说印尼语，很少或根本不会说恩加诺语。与不讲恩加诺语的人加强接触的情况可能会继续下去，并蔓延到全岛，对恩加诺不利。我们项目的第一个目标是记录恩加诺语言：我们将用恩加诺语言记录、转录、翻译和分析大量传统故事、对话、文化事件以及日常任务的描述。在演讲者的许可下，我们将在项目网页上提供这些录音，并在项目结束时将数据集存款标准存档中。这将使数据得以保存，以供未来研究，并为恩加诺社区及其后代，作为可能是最后一代流利恩加诺人的记录。该项目的第二个目标是在南岛语的背景下产生恩加诺语的语法，彻底描述语言的主要结构。我们的研究将借鉴之前关于该语言的工作、我们将收集的数据集，以及与恩加诺语使用者就恩加诺语言结构细节进行的有针对性的工作。由此产生的参考语法将是有价值的语言的语法结构的详细研究，特别是在南岛语系的语言学家专业，因为它将允许恩加诺的结构进行比较，在该地区的其他语言的相应结构。我们打算通过一个开放获取的出版商出版语法：这将使我们的工作可以为世界各地的语言学和相关领域的研究人员所用，特别是印度尼西亚的研究人员，对他们来说，学术书籍有时无法获得或购买太贵。对于语言学家来说，Enggano是一个有趣的难题：一些语言学家声称它是南岛语族的一员，就像该地区的许多其他语言一样，但其他语言学家认为它是一种孤立的语言，与其他语言没有已知的关系。我们相信恩加诺语是一种不寻常的南岛语族语言，但要确定恩加诺语在南岛语族中的地位，还需要进一步的证据：几乎所有关于恩加诺语基因归属的研究都是基于语言学家汉斯·凯勒（Hans Kähler）在1937- 1938年进行的一次为期7个月的访问。还需要做更多的工作来测试和补充凯勒的数据，并确定语言在其间的几年里发生了怎样的变化。我们将用一个或多个章节的语法来探索恩加诺的遗传联系和其他南岛语族语言的关系。最后，我们将致力于授权Enggano社区记录和保护他们自己的语言。这项工作的一个核心组成部分是我们计划为当地学校7-9年级（13-15岁）的恩加诺语教学编写教材。我们将与当地教育工作者和社区领导人合作开发这些材料，提高对语言和文化濒危的认识，并与当地政府机构合作，确保我们的教育材料符合当地政府的标准。

Enggano, with about 1000 speakers, is spoken on Enggano Island, off the southern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Enggano is classified as "threatened": only the elder generation are fully competent and fluent speakers. Many children speak Indonesian and little to no Enggano. Intensified contact with non-Enggano speakers is likely to continue and spread throughout the island, to the detriment of Enggano. The first aim of our project is to document the Enggano language: we will record, transcribe, translate, and analyse a body of traditional stories, conversations, cultural events, and descriptions of everyday tasks in the Enggano language. With the permissions of the speakers, we will make these recordings available on the project web page, and we will deposit the dataset in a standard archive at the end of the project. This will allow the data to be preserved for future research and, for the Enggano community and its descendants, as a record of possibly the last generation of fluent Enggano speakers. The second aim of the project is to produce a grammar of Enggano in its Austronesian context, thoroughly describing the major structures of the language. Our research will draw on previous work on the language, the dataset that we will collect, and targeted work with Enggano speakers on the details of Enggano language structures. The resulting reference grammar will be valuable as a detailed study of the grammatical structures of the language, particularly to linguists specialising in the Austronesian language family, since it will allow for comparison of the structure of Enggano to corresponding structures in other languages of the region. We intend to publish the grammar through an open-access publisher: this will make our work accessible to researchers in linguistics and related fields worldwide, and in particular to researchers in Indonesia, for whom academic books are sometimes inaccessible or too expensive to acquire.For linguists, Enggano is an intriguing puzzle: it has been claimed by some linguists to be a member of the Austronesian language family, like many other languages of the region, but by other linguists to be an isolate with no known relation to other languages. We believe that Enggano is an unusual Austronesian language, but further evidence is required to firmly establish the place of Enggano within Austronesian: almost all of the work that has been conducted on the genetic affiliation of Enggano is based on research by the linguist Hans Kähler, conducted on a single seven-month visit in 1937-8. Additional work is needed to test and supplement Kähler's data and to determine how the language has changed in the intervening years. We will devote one or more chapters of the grammar to an exploration of Enggano's genetic affiliation and relation to other Austronesian languages. Finally, we will work to empower the Enggano community to document and preserve their own language. A central component of this effort is our plan to develop educational materials for teaching the Enggano language in local schools, targeting Years 7-9 (ages 13-15). We will work with local educators and community leaders to develop these materials and to raise awareness of language and cultural endangerment, and with local government institutions to ensure that our educational materials meet local government standards.