Enggano in the Austronesian family: Historical and typological perspectives

英格加诺语是印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛南部海岸外的英格加诺岛上的一种语言，大约有1000人使用。英加诺语被列为“濒危”语言：只有老一辈的英加诺语才能完全流利地使用。许多孩子说印尼语，很少甚至不会说英语。与不讲英语的人的密切接触可能会继续并蔓延到整个岛屿，这对英语是不利的。我们项目的首要目标是记录英加诺语：我们将用英加诺语记录、转录、翻译和分析一系列传统故事、对话、文化事件和日常任务描述。在获得演讲者许可的情况下，我们将在项目网页上提供这些录音，并在项目结束时将数据集存入标准存档。这将使这些数据得以保存，以供未来的研究之用，并为英语加诺社区及其后代保留下来，作为可能是最后一代流利的英语加诺语使用者的记录。该项目的第二个目标是在南岛语的背景下生成英语语法，彻底描述该语言的主要结构。我们的研究将借鉴之前关于该语言的工作，我们将收集的数据集，并有针对性地与英语加诺语使用者一起研究英语加诺语语言结构的细节。由此产生的参考语法对于语言语法结构的详细研究，特别是对专门研究南岛语系的语言学家来说，将是有价值的，因为它将允许将英加诺语的结构与该地区其他语言的相应结构进行比较。我们打算通过一个开放获取的出版商出版语法：这将使全世界语言学和相关领域的研究人员能够访问我们的工作，特别是印度尼西亚的研究人员，对他们来说，学术书籍有时难以获得或过于昂贵而无法获得。对于语言学家来说，英加诺语是一个有趣的谜题：一些语言学家声称它是南岛语系的一员，就像该地区的许多其他语言一样，但另一些语言学家则认为它是一个孤立的语言，与其他语言没有已知的关系。我们认为恩加诺语是一种不寻常的南岛语，但需要进一步的证据来确定恩加诺语在南岛语中的地位：几乎所有关于恩加诺语遗传关系的工作都是基于语言学家汉斯Kähler在1937年至1938年进行的一次为期7个月的访问。需要做更多的工作来测试和补充Kähler的数据，并确定语言在其间的几年中是如何变化的。我们将用语法的一个或多个章节来探索英加诺语的遗传归属和与其他南岛语言的关系。最后，我们将努力让Enggano社区能够记录和保存他们自己的语言。这项工作的一个核心组成部分是我们计划在当地学校为7-9年级（13-15岁）的英语教学开发教材。我们将与当地教育工作者和社区领袖合作，开发这些教材，提高人们对语言和文化濒危的认识，并与当地政府机构合作，确保我们的教材符合当地政府的标准。

Enggano, with about 1000 speakers, is spoken on Enggano Island, off the southern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Enggano is classified as "threatened": only the elder generation are fully competent and fluent speakers. Many children speak Indonesian and little to no Enggano. Intensified contact with non-Enggano speakers is likely to continue and spread throughout the island, to the detriment of Enggano. The first aim of our project is to document the Enggano language: we will record, transcribe, translate, and analyse a body of traditional stories, conversations, cultural events, and descriptions of everyday tasks in the Enggano language. With the permissions of the speakers, we will make these recordings available on the project web page, and we will deposit the dataset in a standard archive at the end of the project. This will allow the data to be preserved for future research and, for the Enggano community and its descendants, as a record of possibly the last generation of fluent Enggano speakers. The second aim of the project is to produce a grammar of Enggano in its Austronesian context, thoroughly describing the major structures of the language. Our research will draw on previous work on the language, the dataset that we will collect, and targeted work with Enggano speakers on the details of Enggano language structures. The resulting reference grammar will be valuable as a detailed study of the grammatical structures of the language, particularly to linguists specialising in the Austronesian language family, since it will allow for comparison of the structure of Enggano to corresponding structures in other languages of the region. We intend to publish the grammar through an open-access publisher: this will make our work accessible to researchers in linguistics and related fields worldwide, and in particular to researchers in Indonesia, for whom academic books are sometimes inaccessible or too expensive to acquire.For linguists, Enggano is an intriguing puzzle: it has been claimed by some linguists to be a member of the Austronesian language family, like many other languages of the region, but by other linguists to be an isolate with no known relation to other languages. We believe that Enggano is an unusual Austronesian language, but further evidence is required to firmly establish the place of Enggano within Austronesian: almost all of the work that has been conducted on the genetic affiliation of Enggano is based on research by the linguist Hans Kähler, conducted on a single seven-month visit in 1937-8. Additional work is needed to test and supplement Kähler's data and to determine how the language has changed in the intervening years. We will devote one or more chapters of the grammar to an exploration of Enggano's genetic affiliation and relation to other Austronesian languages. Finally, we will work to empower the Enggano community to document and preserve their own language. A central component of this effort is our plan to develop educational materials for teaching the Enggano language in local schools, targeting Years 7-9 (ages 13-15). We will work with local educators and community leaders to develop these materials and to raise awareness of language and cultural endangerment, and with local government institutions to ensure that our educational materials meet local government standards.