Enggano in the Austronesian family: Historical and typological perspectives

印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛南部海岸外的英加诺岛上有大约1000名讲英语的人。恩加诺被归类为“受威胁”：只有老一辈人才是完全有能力、说得很流利的人。许多孩子会说印尼语，几乎不会说恩加诺语。与非恩加诺语国家的人加强接触的情况很可能会继续下去，并蔓延到全岛，对恩加诺语不利。我们项目的第一个目标是记录恩加诺语：我们将用恩加诺语记录、转录、翻译和分析大量传统故事、对话、文化事件和日常任务描述。在发言者的许可下，我们将在项目网页上提供这些录音，并在项目结束时将数据集保存在标准档案中。这将使这些数据得以保存，用于未来的研究，并为恩加诺社区及其后代，作为可能是最后一代讲流利恩加诺语的人的记录。该项目的第二个目标是在南岛语的背景下编写一本Enggano文法，彻底描述该语言的主要结构。我们的研究将借鉴之前关于这种语言的工作，我们将收集的数据集，并有针对性地与说恩加诺语的人合作，了解恩加诺语语言结构的细节。由此产生的参考语法对详细研究该语言的语法结构将是有价值的，特别是对于专门研究南岛语系的语言学家来说，因为它将允许将Enggano的结构与该地区其他语言的相应结构进行比较。我们打算通过开放获取的出版商出版语法：这将使世界各地的语言学和相关领域的研究人员，特别是印度尼西亚的研究人员，可以访问我们的工作，对他们来说，学术书籍有时难以获得或过于昂贵。对于语言学家来说，Enggano是一个有趣的谜题：一些语言学家声称它像该地区的许多其他语言一样是南岛语系的成员，但其他语言学家认为它是一个孤立的语言，与其他语言没有已知的联系。我们认为，恩加诺语是一种不同寻常的南岛语，但需要进一步的证据才能确定恩加诺语在南岛语中的地位：几乎所有关于恩加诺语遗传关系的工作都是基于语言学家汉斯·凯勒的研究，他在1937-1938年间进行了一次为期七个月的访问。还需要额外的工作来测试和补充卡勒的数据，并确定语言在其间发生了怎样的变化。我们将用语法的一个或多个章节来探索Enggano的遗传从属关系以及与其他南岛语系语言的关系。最后，我们将努力使Enggano社区能够记录和保存他们自己的语言。这项努力的一个核心组成部分是我们计划开发教材，在当地学校教授恩加诺语，目标是7-9岁(13-15岁)。我们将与当地教育工作者和社区领袖合作开发这些材料，并提高人们对语言和文化濒危的认识，并与当地政府机构合作，确保我们的教育材料符合当地政府的标准。

Enggano, with about 1000 speakers, is spoken on Enggano Island, off the southern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Enggano is classified as "threatened": only the elder generation are fully competent and fluent speakers. Many children speak Indonesian and little to no Enggano. Intensified contact with non-Enggano speakers is likely to continue and spread throughout the island, to the detriment of Enggano. The first aim of our project is to document the Enggano language: we will record, transcribe, translate, and analyse a body of traditional stories, conversations, cultural events, and descriptions of everyday tasks in the Enggano language. With the permissions of the speakers, we will make these recordings available on the project web page, and we will deposit the dataset in a standard archive at the end of the project. This will allow the data to be preserved for future research and, for the Enggano community and its descendants, as a record of possibly the last generation of fluent Enggano speakers. The second aim of the project is to produce a grammar of Enggano in its Austronesian context, thoroughly describing the major structures of the language. Our research will draw on previous work on the language, the dataset that we will collect, and targeted work with Enggano speakers on the details of Enggano language structures. The resulting reference grammar will be valuable as a detailed study of the grammatical structures of the language, particularly to linguists specialising in the Austronesian language family, since it will allow for comparison of the structure of Enggano to corresponding structures in other languages of the region. We intend to publish the grammar through an open-access publisher: this will make our work accessible to researchers in linguistics and related fields worldwide, and in particular to researchers in Indonesia, for whom academic books are sometimes inaccessible or too expensive to acquire.For linguists, Enggano is an intriguing puzzle: it has been claimed by some linguists to be a member of the Austronesian language family, like many other languages of the region, but by other linguists to be an isolate with no known relation to other languages. We believe that Enggano is an unusual Austronesian language, but further evidence is required to firmly establish the place of Enggano within Austronesian: almost all of the work that has been conducted on the genetic affiliation of Enggano is based on research by the linguist Hans Kähler, conducted on a single seven-month visit in 1937-8. Additional work is needed to test and supplement Kähler's data and to determine how the language has changed in the intervening years. We will devote one or more chapters of the grammar to an exploration of Enggano's genetic affiliation and relation to other Austronesian languages. Finally, we will work to empower the Enggano community to document and preserve their own language. A central component of this effort is our plan to develop educational materials for teaching the Enggano language in local schools, targeting Years 7-9 (ages 13-15). We will work with local educators and community leaders to develop these materials and to raise awareness of language and cultural endangerment, and with local government institutions to ensure that our educational materials meet local government standards.