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Compositor: Recovering the Grammar of Ornament

作曲家：恢复装饰语法

基本信息

批准号：
AH/T001364/1
负责人：
Hazel Wilkinson
金额：
$ 20.3万
依托单位：
University of Birmingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FT001364%2F1
关键词：
Compositor Recovering Grammar Ornament

项目摘要

Printers' ornaments are the decorative images that appear in printed books to embellish title pages, headings, chapter endings, and any otherwise blank spaces. They were common throughout the hand press period (c.1470-1830), when they were printed from designs cut into wood or metal blocks, or cast in type-metal. Printers' ornaments can depict anything from geometric shapes to elaborate scenes. Common subjects are natural forms (flowers, animals), religious and classical imagery, people, and everyday objects (from books to scientific instruments). Ornaments are like bibliographical fingerprints: their unique features can allow us to identify the printer of a book, even if the printer did not sign their name, or used a pseudonym. Identifying a book's printer can help us to date printed material, and better understand the workings of the book trade, and the circulation of texts and ideas. In literary studies, printers' ornaments assist in our enquiries into the original circumstances of a book's production, guiding the decisions of scholarly editors by increasing our understanding of the relationships between authors and the craftspeople who gave their texts material form. Compositor is a database of over 1 million eighteenth-century printers' ornaments. It is the first database to bring together a critical mass of British ornaments that is fully image searchable, using the latest technologies in computer vision and machine learning. Compositor allows users to easily locate ornaments associated with a particular author, printer, publisher, or place. Having located an ornament, we can perform a visual search to see all matching or similar images in the database. Compositor also lets us perform searches for specific subjects (like 'flowers', 'cherubs'). Visual searches allow us to answer longstanding research questions, and to formulate new ones. The ability to locate the same ornament in multiple books will make it possible to study the output of individual printers about whom there is little other documentary evidence: this is particularly true of women in printing, printers of radical or seditious works, and regional printers who undermined London's monopoly on printing by pirating material. The ability to perform visual searches also makes Compositor a major new resource for historians of art and design. A researcher interested in (for example) religious imagery, can use the new search functions to find a wealth of images that have not been included in traditional histories of visual culture.It will also be possible to ask new questions of familiar subjects. This Fellowship will support two specific enquiries which will lead the way in research using Compositor. Part 1 of the Fellowship focusses on the Spectator (1711-12), the origin of modern journalism and literary criticism. The Spectator was one of the most influential cultural products of the eighteenth century, but no previous study has asked how the periodical achieved such unprecedented influence. Using Compositor, it will be possible to discover who printed hundreds of editions of the Spectator, and its many spinoffs and adaptations. The decisions of its printers shaped the market, and ultimately literary taste, in Georgian Britain. Part 2 of the Fellowship focusses on Alexander Pope, the eighteenth century's most famous poet. Pope took a keen interest in the appearance of his poems on the page, and his books contain hundreds of printers' ornaments. What other books had they appeared in before Pope's? What special literary or social connotations did they have for him? And how might these connotations affect our reading of the poems? With Compositor it will be possible to trace a social life of ornaments to pose such questions for the first time. This methodology will be used in a major new edition of Pope, leading to a wider change in how we edit literary texts, and driving us towards a new understanding of the relationship between word and image.

印刷商的装饰品是出现在印刷书籍中的装饰性图像，用于修饰扉页、标题、章节结尾和任何其他空白区域。它们在手压印刷时期（c.1470-1830）很常见，当时它们是由雕刻在木头或金属块上的图案印刷出来的，或者是用铅字铸造出来的。打印机的装饰品可以描绘任何东西，从几何形状到精心制作的场景。常见的主题是自然形态（花朵、动物）、宗教和古典意象、人物和日常物品（从书籍到科学仪器）。装饰品就像书目中的指纹：它们独特的特征可以让我们识别出一本书的印刷者，即使印刷者没有签名，或者使用了假名。确定一本书的印刷商可以帮助我们确定印刷材料的年代，更好地了解图书贸易的运作方式，以及文本和思想的流通。在文学研究中，印刷商的装饰有助于我们探究书籍制作的原始环境，通过增加我们对作者和给予文本材料形式的工匠之间关系的理解，指导学术编辑的决定。Compositor是一个拥有超过100万件18世纪印刷装饰品的数据库。这是第一个汇集了大量英国装饰品的数据库，使用最新的计算机视觉和机器学习技术，可以完全进行图像搜索。Compositor允许用户轻松定位与特定作者、打印机、出版商或地点相关的装饰品。定位装饰物后，我们可以执行视觉搜索以查看数据库中所有匹配或相似的图像。合成器也让我们执行搜索特定的主题（如“花”，“小天使”）。视觉搜索使我们能够回答长期存在的研究问题，并形成新的问题。如果能够在多本书中找到相同的装饰，就有可能研究个别印刷商的作品，而这些印刷商几乎没有其他文献证据：尤其是印刷行业的女性、激进或煽动性作品的印刷商，以及通过盗版材料破坏伦敦印刷业垄断地位的地方印刷商。执行视觉搜索的能力也使Compositor成为艺术和设计历史学家的主要新资源。例如，对宗教图像感兴趣的研究人员可以使用新的搜索功能找到大量没有包含在传统视觉文化历史中的图像。也可以就熟悉的主题提出新的问题。该奖学金将支持两个具体的查询，这将导致研究的方式使用排字。第一部分聚焦于《旁观者》（1711- 1712），它是现代新闻和文学批评的起源。《旁观者》是18世纪最有影响力的文化产物之一，但此前没有研究问过这份期刊是如何取得如此空前的影响力的。使用排字器，可以发现谁印刷了数百版的《旁观者》，以及它的许多衍生品和改编。印刷商的决定塑造了乔治时代英国的市场，并最终塑造了文学品味。第二部分聚焦于亚历山大·蒲柏，十八世纪最著名的诗人。蒲柏对他的诗歌在书页上的外观非常感兴趣，他的书里有数百个印刷工的装饰品。在蒲柏的书之前，他们还在什么书里出现过？它们对他有什么特殊的文学或社会内涵？这些内涵又会如何影响我们对诗歌的阅读呢？有了排字器，它将有可能追溯社会生活的装饰品，提出这样的问题，第一次。这一方法将被用于Pope的主要新版本，导致我们如何编辑文学文本的更广泛的变化，并推动我们对文字和图像之间关系的新理解。