Looking In From The Edge (LIFTE). The impact of international commercialization on north-west Europe's peripheral communities 1468-1712

从边缘看（LIFTE）。

• 批准号: AH/T012668/1
• 负责人: Sarah Gibbon
• 金额: $ 36.2万
• 依托单位: University of the Highlands and Islands
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FT012668%2F1
• 关键词: Looking; Edge; LIFTE; impact; international

During the early modern period the development of a world system of capitalist trade gradually extended until it brought much of the globe within its influence. In Europe as well, it led to a closer incorporation of peripheral places into the European trade network, and transformed their largely subsistence and low-level trading economies to commercialized, surplus-producing ones. The spread of commercialization had profound effects on local communities, as it required peripheral lands to increase the scale and nature of production, but also made imported goods and materials available to these communities, influencing local cultures and social display. This project is a microstudy of the Northern Isles of Scotland and examines the introduction of consumer commodities and their impact on the mechanisms of production, exchange and consumption. It contrasts the largely fish-producing economy of Shetland, directed towards the German market, with the agricultural economy of Orkney, which was orientated more towards markets in Norway and Scotland. This 'island laboratory' provides an arena in which the transformation towards commercialization can be closely studied, for there the vectors, mechanisms and impacts of trade can be clearly identified. The project focuses on the period 1468-1712, which marks the transfer of the Northern isles from Norway to Scotland and the period of Hanseatic trade on the islands, which was crucial for the commercialization process. The project takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating documentary sources, land-based and underwater surveys and limited excavations of trading and consumer sites, the study of archaeological artefacts, an analysis of biological remains indicating commodity production and a study of standing buildings connected with trade. Such an approach allows a consideration of the often meagre historical evidence, providing an holistic understanding of not merely the scale of commerce, but also its material impact on production and consumption. This will provide a comprehensive study of the mechanisms of the trade itself, as well as the social and economic consequences of that trade. The overarching concept of this project is not as a particularistic study of one small place, but as a microstudy illuminating the passage from the medieval to the modern world.

在早期现代时期，世界资本主义贸易体系的发展逐渐扩大，直到它将全球大部分地区纳入其影响范围。在欧洲也是如此，它导致外围国家更紧密地融入欧洲贸易网络，并将它们基本上自给自足的低水平贸易经济体转变为商业化、生产过剩的经济体。商业化的蔓延对当地社区产生了深远的影响，因为它需要外围土地来扩大生产规模和性质，但也使这些社区可以获得进口商品和材料，影响当地文化和社会展示。该项目是对苏格兰北部岛屿的微观研究，考察了消费品的引入及其对生产、交换和消费机制的影响。它将设得兰以鱼类生产为主、面向德国市场的经济与奥克尼的农业经济进行了对比，奥克尼更多地面向挪威和苏格兰市场。这个“岛屿实验室”提供了一个舞台，可以在其中仔细研究向商业化的转变，因为在那里可以清楚地确定贸易的载体、机制和影响。该项目的重点是1468-1712年，这标志着北部岛屿从挪威转移到苏格兰，以及对商业化进程至关重要的汉萨贸易时期。该项目采用跨学科方法，包括文献资料来源、陆上和水下调查以及对贸易和消费场所的有限挖掘、考古文物研究、指示商品生产的生物遗骸分析以及与贸易有关的直立建筑物研究。这种方法允许考虑往往很少的历史证据，不仅提供了对商业规模的全面了解，而且还提供了对生产和消费的物质影响的全面了解。这将对贸易本身的机制以及这种贸易的社会和经济后果进行全面研究。这个项目的总体概念不是作为一个小地方的特殊研究，而是作为一个微观研究，照亮从中世纪到现代世界的通道。