English Merchant Shipping, Maritime Communities and Trade from the Spanish Armada to the Seven Years War, c.1588-c.1765

从西班牙无敌舰队到七年战争（c.1588-c.1765）的英国商船、海上社区和贸易

• 批准号: AH/W004011/1
• 负责人: Craig Lee Lambert
• 金额: $ 103.33万
• 依托单位: University of Southampton
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FW004011%2F1
• 关键词: English; Merchant; Shipping; Maritime; Communities

The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marked the start of England's transition from a peripheral European state to one with global ambitions. Just 175 years later, a recently united Britain emerged from the Seven Years War (1756-1763) as a front-rank European power with an expanding overseas empire. To develop the commercial and colonial potential of this maritime empire, England's traders, merchants, and shipowners invested in new ships, forged new trade routes, expanded the merchant fleet, increased size of the maritime labour force, and developed new skills for blue ocean sailing. Remarkably, the evolution of these processes has yet to be fully investigated. This period of proto-globalisation is of fundamental importance to contemporary Britain. The recent removal of statues of people associated with this expansion demonstrates the strength of the discourse surrounding this subject and reflects a wider dialogue that seeks to refine and reshape discussions of England's (and Britain's) role in imperial conquest. Knowing how maritime communities lived and worked across this period of English seaborne development will add much to scholarship and the general public's understanding of the role past societies played in this expansion. This research will foreground the voices and lives of the maritime community, shifting the focus away from the dominant personalities of the period, such as Francis Drake, or specific sectors of this expansion, such as the slave trade, and bring to the fore less famous but just as important figures in England's maritime past. This project will bring their stories to life, and analyse in detail the size and geographical distribution of this group, demonstrating important periods of change. This period of England's transition to a global maritime power can be investigated through the rich seam of extant source materials. In England a sophisticated customs service meant that merchants trading overseas (imports and exports) had to pay tax. Therefore, every ship that imported and exported goods had its name and its home port recorded in a set of records called port books, and from 1565 England's extensive coastal trade was also documented. Additionally, the name of every ship's master, the merchants, and the commodities carried, were also recorded. Some 20,000 of these port books survive in The National Archives and form the basis of this project. These sources allow us to precisely map the evolution of English shipping capacity (size and regional distribution) and maritime trade. These rich source materials allow us to investigate the size and geographical distribution of England's maritime communities, and examine their socio-cultural lives, unlocking, for the first time, details of their lives afloat and ashore. We will reconstruct their careers, examine their marriage strategies, and demonstrate the important role women played in their lives, as wives, daughters, hostellers, but also as active traders working side-by-side in commerce. We have the following objectives: 1. To create a freely available dataset (c.200,000 entries) through an interdisciplinary approach using computer science to integrate several different data series on English shipping and maritime communities. This will encourage future research by making our data publicly available through our project website.2. To use our new data to offer enriched biographies of members of the maritime community as England transitioned to a global power, allowing us, for the first time, to undertake a longitudinal examination of a group that was fundamental to the life-blood of England's economy and society.3. To showcase how co-designed and co-produced research can successfully engage a public audience, and determine what academics can learn from community participatory research. This will create a methodology for working with a variety of professionals that can be applied to future projects in this field.

1588年击败西班牙阿尔马达，标志着英格兰开始从一个欧洲边缘国家转变为一个具有全球野心的国家。仅仅175年后，一个刚刚统一的英国从七年战争（1756-1763）中脱颖而出，成为一个拥有不断扩张的海外帝国的欧洲前沿强国。为了发展这个海上帝国的商业和殖民潜力，英国的商人、商人和船主投资新船，开辟新的贸易路线，扩大商船队，增加海上劳动力的规模，并开发新的蓝海航行技能。值得注意的是，这些过程的演变尚未得到充分研究。这一全球化初期对当代英国至关重要。最近与这一扩张相关的人物雕像的拆除表明了围绕这一主题的话语的力量，并反映了一种更广泛的对话，这种对话旨在完善和重塑关于英格兰（和英国）在帝国征服中的作用的讨论。了解海上社区如何在英国海上发展的这一时期生活和工作，将大大增加学术和公众对过去社会在这一扩张中所发挥的作用的理解。这项研究将突出海洋社区的声音和生活，将焦点从这一时期的主导人物，如弗朗西斯德雷克，或这种扩张的特定部门，如奴隶贸易，转移到前面，并带来不太有名，但在英格兰的海洋过去一样重要的人物。该项目将把他们的故事生动地呈现出来，并详细分析这一群体的规模和地理分布，展示重要的变化时期。这一时期的英国过渡到一个全球性的海洋强国可以通过丰富的接缝现存的源材料进行调查。在英国，复杂的海关服务意味着商人在海外进行贸易（进出口）必须纳税。因此，每一艘进出口货物的船只都有其名称和母港记录在一套称为港口簿的记录中，从1565年起，英国广泛的沿海贸易也被记录在案。此外，每艘船的船长、商人和所载货物的名字也被记录下来。这些港口书籍中约有20，000本保存在国家档案馆，构成了这个项目的基础。这些资料使我们能够精确地绘制英国航运能力（规模和区域分布）和海上贸易的演变。这些丰富的原始资料使我们能够调查英国海上社区的规模和地理分布，并研究他们的社会文化生活，首次揭示他们在海上和岸上生活的细节。我们将重建他们的职业生涯，研究他们的婚姻策略，并展示妇女在他们的生活中扮演的重要角色，作为妻子，女儿，商人，但也作为积极的贸易商在商业中并肩工作。我们有以下目标：1。创建一个免费的数据集（约200，000个条目），通过跨学科的方法，利用计算机科学整合几个不同的数据系列，英国航运和海事社区。这将通过我们的项目网站公开我们的数据，鼓励未来的研究。利用我们的新数据，在英国向全球强国过渡的过程中，提供丰富的海事社区成员传记，使我们能够首次对一个对英国经济和社会的命脉至关重要的群体进行纵向研究。展示共同设计和共同制作的研究如何成功地吸引公众，并确定学者可以从社区参与式研究中学到什么。这将创造一种方法，与各种专业人士，可应用于该领域的未来项目的工作。