Translating the Avesta: The Avestan and Pahlavi Versions of the Hom Yasht

翻译阿维斯塔：阿维斯坦和巴列维版本的《Hom Yasht》

• 批准号: AH/W005859/1
• 负责人: Mehrbod Khanizadeh
• 金额: $ 19.84万
• 依托单位: School of Oriental and African Studies
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FW005859%2F1
• 关键词: Translating; Avesta; Avestan; Pahlavi; Versions

The Yasna of 72 chapters is the chief ritual text of Zoroastrianism, the main religion of pre-Islamic Iran, which shares a common heritage with the language and culture of Ancient India as documented in the Vedas. Yasna 9-11 is dedicated to Haoma, a deity who represents the embodiment of the sacrificial plant used in the Yasna. During the Yasna ceremony, twigs of the plant are pressed to extract its juice. As a result, Yasna 9-11 recounts that the deity rewards worshippers with strength, victory, health, knowledge, and excellent offspring. Yasna 9 begins with a dialogue between the prophet Zarathushtra and Haoma. The latter tells Zarathushtra about illustrious heroes, culminating in Zarathushtra's own father, who pressed him in the past, and about wonderful sons, including Zarathusthra himself, who were born to them as a reward for the sacrificial act. The core of Yasna 9-11 encompasses a series of prayers and eulogies.The original text of the Yasna is in Avestan, an Iranian language spoken ca. 1500-500 BCE. The Avestan texts were in all likelihood transmitted orally until the Sasanian period (224-651 CE) when they were written down in a consciously invented and precise phonetic script reflecting the pronunciation of the words. During the Sasanian and early Islamic periods, Zoroastrian priests also translated and commented on the Yasna in Pahlavi, the Middle Iranian language of the province of Pars. In the manuscripts, the Pahlavi version alternates with its Avestan original and the codices that include them are traditionally called the Pahlavi Yasna manuscripts. In spite of the significance of the Pahlavi version for the history of Zoroastrian thought, it has mainly been treated as an auxiliary text to its Avestan counterpart. Combining new methods in textual criticism and tools in Digital Humanities, this project proposes to fill this gap by providing the first-ever text-critical edition of the Pahlavi version of the hymn to Haoma (Pahlavi Hom).The project will produce full-text digital transliterations of Pahlavi Yasna 9-11 of nine text-critically important manuscripts in XML (Extensible Markup Language) and will publish them online to be accessible to researchers for further studies. The XML transliterations will be uploaded onto the collation software CollateX by means of which the readings will be either categorised as main variants or regularised under their main variants as text-critically insignificant sub-readings. The collation will then be exported into the typesetting software LaTeX to form the critical apparatus as part of the edition. The print edition will offer the edited Pahlavi text in transcription with an English translation. As the Pahlavi version occurs together with its Avestan original in the manuscripts, the Avestan text and its English translation as edited in the MUYA project at SOAS (2016-2021), will be provided for convenient consultation. The Pahlavi section of each stanza will be followed by an in-depth commentary discussing literary, linguistic, ritual, and other features of the Pahlavi version. The edition will also provide the edited Pahlavi text in transliteration together with the text-critical apparatus of variant readings. The research will enhance the understanding of the UK public of Zoroastrianism, one of Iran's great contributions to the history of human thought. This research will also contribute to the UK public awareness of about 5000 Zoroastrians, living in the UK, and will raise the understanding of the Zoroastrian community and Iranians of their own past. Khanizadeh intends to create a project website and a twitter page to post project news and also to collaborate with popular cultural magazines and websites to create international awareness of the project. He will also deliver a talk at the annual Kutar Memorial Lecture at SOAS on "The Transmission of Zoroastrian Literature" in the second year of the project to reach out to wider audiences, both academic and non-academic.

《雅斯纳》共有72章，是琐罗亚斯德教的主要仪式文本，琐罗亚斯德教是前伊斯兰伊朗的主要宗教，它与《吠陀经》中记载的古印度语言和文化有着共同的遗产。Yasna 9-11是献给好马的，一个神，他代表了Yasna中使用的祭祀植物的化身。在Yasna仪式上，人们压榨植物的枝条来提取汁液。因此，Yasna 9-11叙述了神奖励崇拜者力量、胜利、健康、知识和优秀的后代。Yasna 9以先知查拉图斯特拉和浩玛之间的对话开始。后者向查拉图斯特拉讲述了杰出的英雄，以过去逼迫他的查拉图斯特拉自己的父亲为高潮，并讲述了包括查拉图斯特拉本人在内的优秀儿子，作为牺牲行为的奖励而生。Yasna 9-11的核心包含了一系列的祈祷和悼词。《雅斯纳》的原始文本是阿维斯特语，一种大约在公元前1500-500年使用的伊朗语言。在萨珊王朝时期（公元224-651年）之前，阿维斯陀文本很可能都是口头传播的，直到萨珊王朝时期（公元224-651年），它们才被有意识地用一种精确的语音文字记录下来，反映了单词的发音。在萨珊王朝和早期的伊斯兰时期，琐罗亚斯德教的祭司也翻译和评论巴列维语的《雅斯纳》，巴列维语是帕尔斯省的中伊朗语言。在手稿中，巴列维版本与其阿维斯陀原始版本交替使用，包含它们的抄本传统上被称为巴列维亚斯纳手稿。尽管巴列维版本在琐罗亚斯德教思想史上具有重要意义，但它主要被视为阿维斯陀对应的辅助文本。结合文本批评的新方法和数字人文学科的工具，该项目提出通过提供巴列维版本的《浩玛》（巴列维·洪）赞美诗的第一个文本批判版来填补这一空白。该项目将用XML（可扩展标记语言）生成巴列维·亚斯纳9-11的9篇文本关键手稿的全文数字音译，并将其发布到网上，供研究人员进行进一步研究。XML音译将被上传到校对软件CollateX上，通过该软件，阅读材料将被归类为主要变体，或在其主要变体下被正则化为文本无关紧要的子阅读材料。然后，整理将被导出到排版软件LaTeX中，形成作为版本一部分的关键设备。印刷版将提供编辑过的巴列维文本转录与英语翻译。由于巴列维语版本与阿维斯陀语原文一起出现在手稿中，因此将提供SOAS (2016-2021) MUYA项目编辑的阿维斯陀语文本及其英文翻译，以方便查阅。每一节的巴列维部分之后将有深入的评论，讨论巴列维版本的文学、语言、仪式和其他特征。该版本还将提供经编辑的巴列维文本的音译以及文本批判装置的不同读物。这项研究将增进英国公众对琐罗亚斯德教的了解，琐罗亚斯德教是伊朗对人类思想史的伟大贡献之一。这项研究也将有助于英国公众对生活在英国的约5000名琐罗亚斯德教徒的认识，并将提高对琐罗亚斯德教社区和伊朗人自己过去的了解。Khanizadeh打算建立一个项目网站和一个twitter页面，发布项目新闻，并与流行文化杂志和网站合作，让国际社会了解这个项目。他还将在SOAS的年度Kutar纪念讲座上发表演讲，主题是“琐罗亚斯德教文学的传播”，这是该项目的第二年，以接触到更广泛的学术和非学术受众。