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Using people well, treating people badly: Towards a Kantian Realm of Ends and Means

用善用人，待人恶劣：走向康德式的目的与手段的境界

基本信息

批准号：
AH/X002365/1
负责人：
Martin Sticker
金额：
$ 35.36万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2023
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2023 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX002365%2F1
关键词：
Using people well treating badly

项目摘要

Our project develops a new understanding of a core requirement of Kant's moral and political philosophy: that we should respect people as ends in themselves and never use them merely as a means or instrumentalize them. We will draw attention to a practical dimension of Kant's "realm of ends" that has largely escaped attention. Kant writes that the principles of this "realm" must relate people "as ends and means" (IV:433). In other words, the Kantian ideal is a realm of ends *and means*. For people to respect one another as ends-in-themselves, they must also act as means for one another - without becoming "mere means". Kantian ethics requires us to create forms of cooperation that involve people both as "ends in themselves" and as means to one another's ends. Our reframing of Kantian ethics is important for two reasons. First, Kant's practical thought is one of the most powerful contenders among contemporary moral and political theories. We believe that it deserves this status - not least, because it resists an obvious danger of consequentialist ethical theories: that some people may justify using others in order to secure wider benefits. Kant's resistance to such practises is also familiar in ordinary moral discourse: it is wrong simply to "use" other people. However, this emphasis on each person's moral status needs to be accompanied by an account of how we should contribute to one another's lives. In our project we will explore how people can be "means" within social cooperation - without being mere means. Second, alongside evils such as exploitation and instrumentalization, in today's world many people suffer because they are objects of indifference, hostility and paternalism or lack opportunities to play a useful role in social life. We will systematize these other forms of mistreatment within a broader Kantian framework by introducing new categories that do not only capture individual but also institutional forms of mistreatment. Exclusion from meaningful cooperation renders people powerless and robs them of social roles that affirm their dignity. In our daily lives, most of us do not deliberately exploit or exclude others. But we live within economic and political systems that rely on unfair labour, foster indifference, competition and hostility as well as leave people without social roles. We will develop strategies to conceptualize and address these forms of mistreatment.Our project will deliver a better understanding of central elements of Kant's ethical theory, which will be of interest to Kantian ethicists as well as other ethical approaches. To anchor this new approach to practical perspectives, we will focus on three main examples: migration; decent work and social contributions; and climate change and duties to future generations. We will engage with a range of other disciplines, including applied ethics, legal theory, political science and sociology. We also hope to learn from the practical perspectives of activists arounds these issues.The team consists of two UK-based investigators, Martin Sticker (University of Bristol) and Garrath Williams (Lancaster University), and two German-based investigators, Corinna Mieth and Ewa Wyrebska-Dermanovic (Ruhr-University Bochum). We will also build a network of associated junior and senior researchers in the UK, Germany, and North America for advice and discussion and implement an advisory board. This team combines expertise in ethics, political philosophy, Kant scholarship, and various fields of applied ethics. We hope that the networks we form will outlast the project, and we believe that the project will point to new ways of understanding Kant's contribution to ethics and political thought. As part of recognising one another as members of Kant's ideal "realm of ends," we must also empower one another to act (as Kant also says) as "useful members of the world."

我们的项目发展了对康德道德和政治哲学的核心要求的新理解：我们应该尊重人，因为他们本身就是目的，永远不要把他们仅仅作为手段或工具化。我们将提请注意康德的“目的王国”的实践维度，这在很大程度上是没有引起注意的。康德写道，这个“领域”的原则必须把人“作为目的和手段”联系起来（IV：433）。换句话说，康德的理想是一个目的和手段的领域。要使人们相互尊重，将其作为目的本身，他们还必须作为手段相互作用，而不是成为“纯粹的手段”。康德的伦理学要求我们创造合作的形式，让人们既作为“自身的目的”，又作为达到彼此目的的手段。我们对康德伦理学的重新建构之所以重要，有两个原因。首先，康德的实践思想是当代道德和政治理论中最有力的竞争者之一。我们相信，它理应获得这一地位--尤其是因为它抵制了结果主义伦理理论的一个明显危险：即有些人可能会为利用他人以获得更广泛的利益而辩护。康德对这种矛盾的抵制在普通的道德话语中也很常见：简单地“利用”他人是错误的。然而，在强调每个人的道德地位的同时，还需要说明我们应该如何为彼此的生活做出贡献。在我们的项目中，我们将探索人们如何在社会合作中成为“手段”-而不仅仅是手段。第二，在当今世界，除了剥削和工具化等罪恶之外，还有许多人遭受苦难，因为他们是冷漠、敌视和家长式作风的对象，或者没有机会在社会生活中发挥有益作用。我们将在一个更广泛的康德框架内系统化这些其他形式的虐待，引入新的类别，不仅涵盖个人，而且还包括机构形式的虐待。被排斥在有意义的合作之外，使人们变得无能为力，并剥夺了他们维护自身尊严的社会角色。在我们的日常生活中，我们大多数人不会故意剥削或排斥他人。但我们生活在依赖不公平劳动的经济和政治制度中，这种制度助长冷漠、竞争和敌意，使人们失去社会角色。我们将制定策略来概念化和解决这些形式的虐待。我们的项目将提供一个更好地理解康德的伦理理论的核心要素，这将是康德伦理学家以及其他伦理方法感兴趣。为使这一新办法锚实际，我们将重点关注三个主要例子：移徙;体面工作和社会贡献;气候变化和对后代的责任。我们将与一系列其他学科，包括应用伦理学，法律的理论，政治学和社会学。我们也希望从这些问题的积极分子的实际观点中学习。该团队由两名英国调查员Martin Sticker（布里斯托大学）和Garrath威廉姆斯（兰开斯特大学）以及两名德国调查员Corinna Mieth和Ewa Wyrebska-Derryvic（鲁尔波鸿大学）组成。我们还将在英国、德国和北美建立一个由相关初级和高级研究人员组成的网络，以提供建议和讨论，并建立一个咨询委员会。该团队结合了伦理学，政治哲学，康德奖学金和应用伦理学各个领域的专业知识。我们希望我们所形成的网络将比这个项目更持久，我们相信这个项目将为理解康德对伦理学和政治思想的贡献指明新的途径。作为承认彼此是康德理想的“目的王国”成员的一部分，我们还必须赋予彼此权力，使其作为“世界的有用成员”行事（正如康德所说）。"