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Accelerating breeding for biomass yield in short rotation coppice willow by exploiting knowledge of shoot development in Arabidopsis

利用拟南芥芽发育知识加速短轮伐期矮林柳生物量产量的育种

基本信息

批准号：
BB/E007007/2
负责人：
Ottoline Leyser
金额：
$ 14.86万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FE007007%2F2
关键词：
Accelerating breeding biomass yield short

项目摘要

Over three-quarters of our energy in the UK is derived from burning fossil fuels. However, there are two problems with this practice. Firstly, the associated emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing global warming and, secondly, UK fossil fuel supplies are being depleted. Renewable sources of energy which are carbon-neutral, (i.e. no net release of carbon as carbon dioxide) are urgently needed. In 1999, renewable energy represented ~3% of total electricity generated in the UK. The government has set challenging targets for this to rise to 60% by 2050 and it recognised that the contributions from all renewable energy sources will need to be significantly boosted, including wind, solar and hydro-power and energy from growing 'biomass crops'. Biomass crops are perennial, fast growing species that are able rapidly to accumulate combustible material (e.g. stems and wood). The biomass is harvested and burnt for heat or electricity. Since the carbon dioxide released on combustion is re-incorporated during the following years' growth, they are carbon-neutral and also require few chemical inputs. Willows are among the most advanced biomass crops in temperate regions. They are grown in short-rotation coppice (SRC) cycles, in which planted cuttings are cut back after the first year of growth and the cut stumps (stools) are allowed to re-sprout to provide multiple shoots. These coppice shoots are harvested 3 years later to provide the first biomass harvest and the SRC cycle is continued for a further 20 years. High yields are crucial for SRC willow to be economical and although high yielding varieties are available, a doubling of yield has been proposed in order to produce the biomass required for UK targets. Improving biomass yield is thus a major goal of current UK willow breeding. The coppicing ability of willow is key to biomass production. Willow species differ in their coppicing ability but the genetic control of these differences is not yet known. Moreover, willows with more (thin) stems and willows with few thick stems can both produce high yield. This makes it difficult for breeders to select for high yielding biomass types or predict the outcome of crosses between different willows. Some developmental studies have attempted to understand the nature of these differences and have suggested that they relate to the number, position and outgrowth of pre-existing buds kept dormant by apical dominance. Little is known about the genetic control of these processes in willows, but in the model plant Arabidopsis there is a substantial body of knowledge on the regulation of bud formation and bud activity. There is also clear evidence that these regulatory mechanisms are conserved across higher plants, including trees. In this collaborative project we will take advantage of the advanced knowledge in Arabidopsis, to investigate the genetic regulation of coppicing in willow. In preliminary work we have shown that genes affecting branching in Arabidopsis are present in willow and that these genes co-associate in inheritance with biomass yield. We will now test the hypotheses that they are involved in determining bud behaviour and thus coppicing potential in willow. We will start by focussing on genes controlling branching in Arabidopsis, e.g. the more axillary branching (MAX) family but we will also investigate teosinte-branched (TCP family) a key gene determining branching in the crop plant maize, which has also been investigated in Arabidopsis. We will use our knowledge in Arabidopsis to test the hypotheses that bud number and bud behaviour may be under different genetic control in willow and to help identify other genes that can affect coppicing. Our overall goal will be to build up a model of the genetic regulation of shoot number and shoot outgrowth in coppiced willows and to provide markers for the genes involved, and thus facilitate the selection of improved biomass willows in breeding.

英国超过四分之三的能源来自化石燃料的燃烧。然而，这种做法存在两个问题。首先，二氧化碳和其他温室气体的相关排放正在导致全球变暖，其次，英国的化石燃料供应正在枯竭。迫切需要碳中性的可再生能源（即没有碳作为二氧化碳的净释放）。1999年，可再生能源占英国总发电量的3%。政府已经制定了具有挑战性的目标，到2050年将这一比例提高到60%，并认识到所有可再生能源的贡献都需要大幅提高，包括风能，太阳能和水力发电以及来自“生物质作物”的能源。生物质作物是多年生、快速生长的物种，能够迅速积累可燃材料（如茎和木材）。生物质被收获并燃烧用于供热或发电。由于燃烧时释放的二氧化碳会在接下来的几年的生长中重新结合，因此它们是碳中和的，并且只需要很少的化学投入。柳树是温带地区最先进的生物质作物之一。它们在短轮伐期矮林（SRC）周期中生长，其中种植的插条在生长的第一年后被修剪，并且允许切割的树桩（粪便）重新发芽以提供多个芽。这些矮林嫩枝在3年后收获，以提供第一次生物量收获，SRC周期再持续20年。高产量是SRC杨柳经济的关键，尽管有高产品种，但为了生产英国目标所需的生物量，已提议将产量加倍。因此，提高生物量产量是当前英国杨柳育种的主要目标。杨柳的摘心能力是生物量生产的关键。杨柳物种在他们的矮林能力不同，但这些差异的遗传控制尚不清楚。而且，多（细）茎的柳树和少粗茎的柳树都能产生高产量。这使得育种者难以选择高产生物量类型或预测不同柳树之间杂交的结果。一些发育研究试图了解这些差异的性质，并提出它们与顶端优势保持休眠的预先存在的芽的数量，位置和生长有关。关于柳树中这些过程的遗传控制知之甚少，但在模式植物拟南芥中，关于芽形成和芽活性的调节有大量的知识。还有明确的证据表明，这些调节机制在高等植物中是保守的，包括树木。在这个合作项目中，我们将利用拟南芥的先进知识，研究杨柳的矮生遗传调控。在初步工作中，我们已经表明，影响拟南芥分枝的基因存在于杨柳中，这些基因在遗传上与生物量产量相关。我们现在将检验这些假设，即它们参与决定杨柳的萌芽行为，从而决定其萌芽潜力。我们将首先关注控制拟南芥分枝的基因，例如多腋分枝（MAX）家族，但我们也将研究teosintebranched（TCP家族），这是决定作物玉米中分枝的关键基因，也已在拟南芥中进行了研究。我们将利用我们在拟南芥中的知识来测试芽数和芽行为可能受到杨柳不同遗传控制的假设，并帮助确定其他基因，可以影响矮林。我们的总体目标是建立矮林柳树新梢数量和新梢生长的遗传调控模型，并为相关基因提供标记，从而为育种中选择生物量更高的柳树提供便利。