Exploiting novel genes to improve resource use efficiency in wheat.

利用新基因提高小麦资源利用效率。

• 批准号: BB/H009698/1
• 负责人: Simon Griffiths
• 金额: $ 34.97万
• 依托单位: John Innes Centre
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2009 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH009698%2F1
• 关键词: Exploiting; novel; genes; improve; resource

Resource use efficiency can be improved by either maintaining yield with lower crop inputs (e.g. fertiliser or pesticides) or increasing yield with the same, or reduced, crop inputs. Increasing yield is likely to be the most sustainable approach given the need to ensure global food security and the limited scope for expanding the cropped area. A recently completed LINK project (LK0958) identified regions of chromosomes 3A and 7D (known as quantitative trait loci or QTL) that were associated with increased resource use efficiency resulting from yield increases of 0.3 to 0.4 t/ha (at a given level of crop inputs). A smaller yield effect QTL was also found on chromosome 6A. These QTL were also associated with a lower resistance to lodging primarily as a result of greater height, and also due to a smaller stem wall width and root plate spread. Several other height QTL were found which did not affect yield. It was also shown that some height QTL were twice as responsive as others to shortening by plant growth regulator (PGR) chemicals. These discoveries offer the prospect of increasing resource use efficiency by combining QTL for increased yield (at a given level of inputs) with QTL for increased lodging resistance (through crop shortening), as well as by improving lodging control through better targeting of PGRs. However this is not currently possible because the genetic markers identified in LK0958 are not close enough to the specific genes located within the QTL region for the breeders to reliably identify the presence of the positive genes in a range of genetic backgrounds. This project aims to increase resource use efficiency by developing reliable genetic markers and a physiological understanding for QTL that increase yield and lodging resistance without increasing the crop's requirement for inputs. This will be achieved by: 1) Developing varieties that differ only for the region of chromosome with the QTL for resource use efficiency (near isogenic lines) which will be used to achieve objectives 2 and 3, 2) Identifying more reliable genetic markers for these QTL, 3) Understanding the physiological mechanisms by which these QTL act and quantifying effects on resource use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions, 4) Investigating which yield and height QTL are in current varieties and the scope for combining them to increase resource use efficiency through greater yield and reduced lodging risk, and 5) Quantifying the responsiveness of the different height QTL to different PGR active ingredients. A major component of this project will involve cloning the gene within the height/yield QTL on chromosome 3A to produce a 'perfect' genetic marker. New markers will be developed for the other QTL which will have much greater reliability due to their closer proximity. This will allow breeders to design crosses to achieve the optimum combination of height and yield QTL in a given cross. Understanding the physiological mechanisms by which the QTL affect yield (e.g. is sink (grains/m2) or source (supply of assimilate) increased) will help to identify the crop management practices required to achieve these greater yields with minimum crop inputs, and thereby increasing resource use efficiency. Genetic markers for the height QTL will also be used to predict which varieties will respond most to PGRs with different modes of action. As PGRs are used prophylactically on the majority of wheat crops this will allow their use to be avoided on unresponsive varieties. It is estimated that the project will increase resource use efficiency by 10% through greater yields and better lodging control. The project will also complement the Defra funded Wheat Genetic Improvement Network (WGIN) by phenotyping the near isogenic lines (NILs) produced within the network and producing new NILs that can be added to the network's genetic resources.

可以通过减少作物投入（如化肥或杀虫剂）来保持产量，或者通过相同或减少作物投入来提高产量，从而提高资源利用效率。鉴于需要确保全球粮食安全，而且扩大种植面积的余地有限，提高产量可能是最可持续的办法。最近完成的LINK项目（LK 0958）确定了3A和7 D染色体区域（称为数量性状基因座或QTL），这些区域与产量增加0.3至0.4吨/公顷（在给定的作物投入水平下）导致的资源利用效率提高相关。在6A染色体上还发现了一个较小的产量效应QTL。这些QTL也与较低的抗倒伏性相关，主要是由于较高的高度，也由于较小的茎壁宽度和根板扩展。另外还发现了几个不影响产量的株高QTL。一些高度QTL对植物生长调节剂（PGR）化学物质缩短的反应是其他高度QTL的两倍。这些发现提供了通过将用于增加产量（在给定的投入水平下）的QTL与用于增加抗倒伏性（通过作物缩短）的QTL结合以及通过更好地靶向PGR来改善倒伏控制来增加资源利用效率的前景。然而，这目前是不可能的，因为在LK 0958中鉴定的遗传标记与位于QTL区域内的特定基因不够接近，育种者无法可靠地鉴定在一系列遗传背景中阳性基因的存在。该项目旨在通过开发可靠的遗传标记和对QTL的生理学理解来提高资源利用效率，从而在不增加作物对投入的需求的情况下提高产量和抗倒伏性。这将通过以下方式实现：1）开发具有资源利用效率QTL的仅染色体区域不同的品种（近等基因系），其将用于实现目标2和3，2）鉴定这些QTL的更可靠的遗传标记，3）理解这些QTL作用的生理机制并量化对资源利用效率和温室气体排放的影响，4）调查当前品种中的产量和高度QTL以及将它们组合以通过更高的产量和降低的倒伏风险来提高资源利用效率的范围，以及5）量化不同高度QTL对不同PGR活性成分的响应。该项目的一个主要组成部分将涉及克隆3A染色体上高度/产量QTL内的基因，以产生“完美”的遗传标记。将为其他QTL开发新的标记，由于它们更接近，这些标记将具有更大的可靠性。这将允许育种者设计杂交以在给定杂交中实现高度和产量QTL的最佳组合。了解QTL影响产量的生理机制（例如，库（粒/m2）或源（同化物的供应）增加）将有助于确定所需的作物管理措施，以最小的作物投入实现这些更高的产量，从而提高资源利用效率。高度QTL的遗传标记也将用于预测哪些品种对具有不同作用模式的PGR反应最大。由于PGR在大多数小麦作物上都是被动使用的，因此可以避免在反应迟钝的品种上使用。据估计，该项目将通过提高产量和更好地控制倒伏，使资源利用效率提高10%。该项目还将对Defra资助的小麦遗传改良网络（WGIN）进行补充，对网络内产生的近等基因系（NIL）进行表型分析，并产生可添加到网络遗传资源中的新NIL。

项目成果

Resolving a QTL complex for height, heading, and grain yield on chromosome 3A in bread wheat.

• DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab058
• 发表时间: 2021-04-02
• 期刊: Journal of experimental botany
• 影响因子: 6.9
• 作者: Martinez AF;Lister C;Freeman S;Ma J;Berry S;Wingen L;Griffiths S
• 通讯作者: Griffiths S

Historical analysis of the effects of breeding on the height of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and consequences for lodging

• DOI: 10.1007/s10681-014-1286-y
• 发表时间: 2015-05-01
• 期刊: EUPHYTICA
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Berry, P. M.;Kendall, S.;Griffiths, S.
• 通讯作者: Griffiths, S.

Simulation of environmental and genotypic variations of final leaf number and anthesis date for wheat

• DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2011.11.002
• 发表时间: 2012-10-01
• 期刊: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: He, Jianqiang;Le Gouis, Jacques;Martre, Pierre
• 通讯作者: Martre, Pierre