Exploiting novel genes to improve resource use efficiency in wheat.

利用新基因提高小麦资源利用效率。

• 批准号: BB/H009698/1
• 负责人: Simon Griffiths
• 金额: $ 34.97万
• 依托单位: John Innes Centre
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2009 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH009698%2F1
• 关键词: Exploiting; novel; genes; improve; resource

Resource use efficiency can be improved by either maintaining yield with lower crop inputs (e.g. fertiliser or pesticides) or increasing yield with the same, or reduced, crop inputs. Increasing yield is likely to be the most sustainable approach given the need to ensure global food security and the limited scope for expanding the cropped area. A recently completed LINK project (LK0958) identified regions of chromosomes 3A and 7D (known as quantitative trait loci or QTL) that were associated with increased resource use efficiency resulting from yield increases of 0.3 to 0.4 t/ha (at a given level of crop inputs). A smaller yield effect QTL was also found on chromosome 6A. These QTL were also associated with a lower resistance to lodging primarily as a result of greater height, and also due to a smaller stem wall width and root plate spread. Several other height QTL were found which did not affect yield. It was also shown that some height QTL were twice as responsive as others to shortening by plant growth regulator (PGR) chemicals. These discoveries offer the prospect of increasing resource use efficiency by combining QTL for increased yield (at a given level of inputs) with QTL for increased lodging resistance (through crop shortening), as well as by improving lodging control through better targeting of PGRs. However this is not currently possible because the genetic markers identified in LK0958 are not close enough to the specific genes located within the QTL region for the breeders to reliably identify the presence of the positive genes in a range of genetic backgrounds. This project aims to increase resource use efficiency by developing reliable genetic markers and a physiological understanding for QTL that increase yield and lodging resistance without increasing the crop's requirement for inputs. This will be achieved by: 1) Developing varieties that differ only for the region of chromosome with the QTL for resource use efficiency (near isogenic lines) which will be used to achieve objectives 2 and 3, 2) Identifying more reliable genetic markers for these QTL, 3) Understanding the physiological mechanisms by which these QTL act and quantifying effects on resource use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions, 4) Investigating which yield and height QTL are in current varieties and the scope for combining them to increase resource use efficiency through greater yield and reduced lodging risk, and 5) Quantifying the responsiveness of the different height QTL to different PGR active ingredients. A major component of this project will involve cloning the gene within the height/yield QTL on chromosome 3A to produce a 'perfect' genetic marker. New markers will be developed for the other QTL which will have much greater reliability due to their closer proximity. This will allow breeders to design crosses to achieve the optimum combination of height and yield QTL in a given cross. Understanding the physiological mechanisms by which the QTL affect yield (e.g. is sink (grains/m2) or source (supply of assimilate) increased) will help to identify the crop management practices required to achieve these greater yields with minimum crop inputs, and thereby increasing resource use efficiency. Genetic markers for the height QTL will also be used to predict which varieties will respond most to PGRs with different modes of action. As PGRs are used prophylactically on the majority of wheat crops this will allow their use to be avoided on unresponsive varieties. It is estimated that the project will increase resource use efficiency by 10% through greater yields and better lodging control. The project will also complement the Defra funded Wheat Genetic Improvement Network (WGIN) by phenotyping the near isogenic lines (NILs) produced within the network and producing new NILs that can be added to the network's genetic resources.

通过较低的农作物输入（例如肥料或农药）保持产量，或者通过相同或减少农作物输入的产量提高产量，可以提高资源利用效率。鉴于需要确保全球粮食安全和扩大农作物区域的有限范围，收益率的提高可能是最可持续的方法。一个最近完成的链路项目（LK0958）鉴定出染色体3a和7d的区域（称为定量性状基因座或QTL）与增加的资源利用效率相关，导致的资源利用效率增加了0.3至0.4 t/ha（在给定的作物输入水平下）。在6A染色体上也发现了较小的屈服效应QTL。这些QTL还与较低的高度产生的较低的抗性有关，也是由于较小的茎壁宽度和根板的扩散所致。发现其他几个高度QTL不会影响产量。还表明，某些高度QTL对通过植物生长调节剂（PGR）化学物质的缩短的反应量是其他QTL的两倍。这些发现通过将QTL与QTL与QTL相结合，从而提高了资源利用效率的前景，以提高住宿抵抗力（通过作物缩短），以及通过更好地靶向PGR来改善住宿控制。但是，目前不可能，因为LK0958中鉴定出的遗传标记物与QTL区域内的特定基因的距离不够接近，以便育种者可靠地鉴定出在一系列遗传背景中的阳性基因的存在。该项目旨在通过开发可靠的遗传标记和对QTL的生理理解来提高资源利用效率，从而增加产量和放置抵抗力，而不会增加作物对投入的需求。这将通过以下方式来实现：1）开发仅在QTL染色体区域（用于资源利用效率的染色体区域）（接近等级线）的品种，该品种将用于实现目标2和3，2）2和3，2）确定这些QTL的更可靠的遗传标记，3）对这些QTL的影响和量化的质量效果，并在生理上效应4）当前的品种和将它们结合起来以提高资源利用效率的范围，通过更大的产量和降低的住宿风险，以及5）量化不同高度QTL对不同PGR活性成分的响应性。该项目的主要组成部分将涉及将基因克隆在3A染色体上的高度/产量QTL中，以产生“完美”的遗传标记。将为其他QTL开发新的标记，由于其近距离的距离将具有更大的可靠性。这将使育种者可以设计杂交，以达到给定十字架中高度和产量QTL的最佳组合。了解QTL影响产量的生理机制（例如，增加（谷物/m2）或来源（同化）增加）将有助于确定以最低作物输入实现这些更大产量所需的作物管理实践，从而提高资源利用效率。高度QTL的遗传标记也将用于预测哪些品种将对具有不同作用方式的PGR响应。由于PGR在大多数小麦作物上进行预防性使用，因此可以避免使用它们的无反应品种。据估计，该项目将通过更高的收益率和更好的住宿控制提高资源利用效率10％。该项目还将通过表台化网络中生产的近乎同源线（NIL）并产生可以添加到网络的遗传资源中的新尼尔，并通过表台上的表型来补充Defra资助的小麦遗传改善网络（WGIN）。

项目成果

Resolving a QTL complex for height, heading, and grain yield on chromosome 3A in bread wheat.

• DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab058
• 发表时间: 2021-04-02
• 期刊: Journal of experimental botany
• 影响因子: 6.9
• 作者: Martinez AF;Lister C;Freeman S;Ma J;Berry S;Wingen L;Griffiths S
• 通讯作者: Griffiths S

Historical analysis of the effects of breeding on the height of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and consequences for lodging

• DOI: 10.1007/s10681-014-1286-y
• 发表时间: 2015-05-01
• 期刊: EUPHYTICA
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Berry, P. M.;Kendall, S.;Griffiths, S.
• 通讯作者: Griffiths, S.

Simulation of environmental and genotypic variations of final leaf number and anthesis date for wheat

• DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2011.11.002
• 发表时间: 2012-10-01
• 期刊: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: He, Jianqiang;Le Gouis, Jacques;Martre, Pierre
• 通讯作者: Martre, Pierre