Genetic diversity and yield stability for increased resilience against climate change in the UK

遗传多样性和产量稳定性可增强英国应对气候变化的能力

• 批准号: BB/H012370/1
• 负责人: Simon Griffiths
• 金额: $ 36.44万
• 依托单位: John Innes Centre
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH012370%2F1
• 关键词: Genetic; diversity; yield; stability; increased

There are major opportunities to increase crop resilience to climate change by increasing diversity. In the UK, weather patterns are likely to become more variable; with increased frequency of droughts, floods and short spells of high temperature stress (11). These changes will render UK agriculture highly vulnerable, with sudden temperature changes, rather than the mean rise, likely to have major effects on agricultural productivity (11; 24). The most economically important crop in the UK is wheat. The interaction between crop development and temperature is complex, but it has been demonstrated that the most vulnerable stage is at flowering (anthesis) (e.g. 6). The intensity and the duration of an extreme weather event affects the period of grain filling and yield reduction is directly linked to maximum temperature stress (2). These sudden, extreme events are distinct from the mean changes in global temperature; gradual increase enables selection of characteristics that improve genetic adaptation to an environment (16) whereas sudden events are considered to be largely beyond the threshold of cellular function. Plant communities with high species diversity have a greater resilience to environmental variations, in terms of (i) resource use (22); and (ii) the stability of biomass production (10). In applying these ecological principles to arable systems, the risk of crop failure can be reduced by increasing crop diversity by harnessing the complementation between different genotypes. At anthesis, an extension of this vulnerable growth stage will increase the chance that a number of individuals will escape the extreme event by flowering before, or after it. In winter wheat, the genetic mechanisms controlling ear emergence and anthesis are categorised according to their environmental interaction. Twenty eight to 56 days of cold treatment (vernalization) induces ear emergence. Genes shown to control vernalization requirement include Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn-B3 (14; 15). Varieties can also be categorised according to daylight (photoperiod) requirement. In bread wheat this difference is largely controlled by Ppd-D1 and Ppd-B1 (17), dominant alleles which confer early ear emergence through photoperiod insensitivity. These genes have profound effects on mega-environment adaptation but a third set, earliness per se (eps) genes, can mediate developmental rate independent of specific environmental signals (19). The vernalization and photoperiod genes confer environmental adaptation; but the eps effects facilitate more subtle manipulation of the life cycle for regional adaptation. The advent of whole genome genotyping and Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis has allowed the identification a number of important eps effects segregating in Western European elite germplasm; a large proportion of the genetic variation in ear emergence can now be accounted for (8). The eps genes describe the mean flowering time point, but variation in genotype can result from: (1) Time of first anthesis; (2) Duration of anthesis within a single ear; (3) Duration across tillers; and (4) Time of day for peak anthesis. Further genotypic effects involve absolute temperature tolerance at seed set. This proposed research aims to test the hypothesis that: greater genotypic heterogeneity increases crop resilience under increasing climatic stress. The single character of flowering has been selected to test the proof of concept. The proposed research will develop new genetic markers for heading date. NILs for the UK eps QTLs and two CCPs, one heterogeneous for eps genes alone, and the other with a wide genetic background, will be dissected genetically and physiologically. The performance of the different genotypes to specific timed heat stress events will determine the contribution of flowering diversity to crop resilience.

通过增加多样性来增加农作物对气候变化的韧性的主要机会。在英国，天气模式可能会变得更加可变。随着干旱，洪水和高温应力短期的频率增加（11）。这些变化将使英国农业高度脆弱，温度突然变化，而不是平均上升，可能会对农业生产力产生重大影响（11; 24）。在英国，最重要的农作物是小麦。农作物发育与温度之间的相互作用很复杂，但已经证明最脆弱的阶段是在开花（例如6）。极端天气事件的强度和持续时间影响谷物填充的周期和降低的降低与最大温度应力直接相关（2）。这些突然的极端事件与全球温度的平均变化不同。逐渐增加可以选择改善遗传适应环境的特征（16），而突然事件在很大程度上被认为超出了细胞功能的阈值。就（i）资源使用（22）而言，物种多样性高的植物群落对环境变化具有更大的韧性。 （ii）生物量产生的稳定性（10）。在将这些生态原理应用于可耕种系统时，通过利用不同基因型之间的互补来增加农作物多样性，可以降低作物衰竭的风险。在花里，这个脆弱的生长阶段的扩展将增加许多人通过在开花之前或之后逃脱极端事件的机会。在冬季小麦中，控制耳朵出现和创变的遗传机制根据环境相互作用进行分类。 28至56天的冷治疗（春化）会引起耳朵出现。所显示的控制春化要求的基因包括VRN-A1，VRN-B1，VRN-D1和VRN-B3（14; 15）。也可以根据日光（Photoperiod）要求对品种进行分类。在面包小麦中，这种差异在很大程度上受PPD-D1和PPD-B1（17）的控制，这是主要的等位基因，这些等位基因通过光周期不敏感而赋予早期耳朵出现。这些基因对大型环境的适应具有深远的影响，但第三组本身本身（EPS）基因可以介导与特定环境信号无关的发育速率（19）。春季和光周期基因赋予环境适应；但是EPS的影响促进了对区域适应的生命周期的更微妙的操纵。整个基因组基因分型和定量性状基因座（QTL）分析的出现使鉴定了许多重要的EPS效应在西欧精英种质中隔离。现在，可以说（8）的耳朵出现遗传变异的很大一部分。 EPS基因描述了平均开花时间点，但基因​​型的变化可能是由以下方式引起的：（1）第一花的时间； （2）单耳内的持续时间； （3）跨耕种的持续时间； （4）峰值花一天中的时间。进一步的基因型效应涉及种子集时的绝对温度耐受性。这项提出的研究旨在检验以下假设：在气候压力增加的情况下，更大的基因型异质性提高了作物的弹性。已经选择了开花的单个特征来测试概念证明。拟议的研究将开发新的遗传标记以供标题日期。英国EPS QTL和两个CCP的NIL，一个单独使用EPS基因的异质，另一个具有广泛的遗传背景，将在遗传和生理上解剖。不同基因型对特定定时热应力事件的性能将决定开花多样性对作物弹性的贡献。

项目成果

Harnessing Landrace Diversity Empowers Wheat Breeding for Climate Resilience

• DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560903
• 发表时间: 2023-10
• 期刊: bioRxiv
• 作者: Shifeng Cheng;Cong Feng;L. Wingen;Hong Cheng;Andrew B. Riche;Mei Jiang;M. Leverington-Waite

Delimitation of the Earliness per se D1 (Eps-D1) flowering gene to a subtelomeric chromosomal deletion in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum).

• DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv458
• 发表时间: 2016-01
• 期刊: Journal of experimental botany
• 影响因子: 6.9
• 作者: Zikhali M;Wingen LU;Griffiths S
• 通讯作者: Griffiths S

Photoperiod sensitivity affects flowering duration in wheat

• DOI: 10.1017/s0021859616000125
• 发表时间: 2017-01-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: Jones, H. E.;Lukac, M.;Griffiths, S.
• 通讯作者: Griffiths, S.

Validation of a 1DL earliness per se (eps) flowering QTL in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum).

• DOI: 10.1007/s11032-014-0094-3
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement
• 作者: Zikhali M;Leverington-Waite M;Fish L;Simmonds J;Orford S;Wingen LU;Goram R;Gosman N;Bentley A;Griffiths S
• 通讯作者: Griffiths S

Mutant alleles of Photoperiod-1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that confer a late flowering phenotype in long days.

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079459
• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: PloS one
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Shaw LM;Turner AS;Herry L;Griffiths S;Laurie DA
• 通讯作者: Laurie DA