Genetic diversity and yield stability for increased resilience against climate change in the UK

遗传多样性和产量稳定性可增强英国应对气候变化的能力

• 批准号: BB/H012370/1
• 负责人: Simon Griffiths
• 金额: $ 36.44万
• 依托单位: John Innes Centre
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH012370%2F1
• 关键词: Genetic; diversity; yield; stability; increased

There are major opportunities to increase crop resilience to climate change by increasing diversity. In the UK, weather patterns are likely to become more variable; with increased frequency of droughts, floods and short spells of high temperature stress (11). These changes will render UK agriculture highly vulnerable, with sudden temperature changes, rather than the mean rise, likely to have major effects on agricultural productivity (11; 24). The most economically important crop in the UK is wheat. The interaction between crop development and temperature is complex, but it has been demonstrated that the most vulnerable stage is at flowering (anthesis) (e.g. 6). The intensity and the duration of an extreme weather event affects the period of grain filling and yield reduction is directly linked to maximum temperature stress (2). These sudden, extreme events are distinct from the mean changes in global temperature; gradual increase enables selection of characteristics that improve genetic adaptation to an environment (16) whereas sudden events are considered to be largely beyond the threshold of cellular function. Plant communities with high species diversity have a greater resilience to environmental variations, in terms of (i) resource use (22); and (ii) the stability of biomass production (10). In applying these ecological principles to arable systems, the risk of crop failure can be reduced by increasing crop diversity by harnessing the complementation between different genotypes. At anthesis, an extension of this vulnerable growth stage will increase the chance that a number of individuals will escape the extreme event by flowering before, or after it. In winter wheat, the genetic mechanisms controlling ear emergence and anthesis are categorised according to their environmental interaction. Twenty eight to 56 days of cold treatment (vernalization) induces ear emergence. Genes shown to control vernalization requirement include Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn-B3 (14; 15). Varieties can also be categorised according to daylight (photoperiod) requirement. In bread wheat this difference is largely controlled by Ppd-D1 and Ppd-B1 (17), dominant alleles which confer early ear emergence through photoperiod insensitivity. These genes have profound effects on mega-environment adaptation but a third set, earliness per se (eps) genes, can mediate developmental rate independent of specific environmental signals (19). The vernalization and photoperiod genes confer environmental adaptation; but the eps effects facilitate more subtle manipulation of the life cycle for regional adaptation. The advent of whole genome genotyping and Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis has allowed the identification a number of important eps effects segregating in Western European elite germplasm; a large proportion of the genetic variation in ear emergence can now be accounted for (8). The eps genes describe the mean flowering time point, but variation in genotype can result from: (1) Time of first anthesis; (2) Duration of anthesis within a single ear; (3) Duration across tillers; and (4) Time of day for peak anthesis. Further genotypic effects involve absolute temperature tolerance at seed set. This proposed research aims to test the hypothesis that: greater genotypic heterogeneity increases crop resilience under increasing climatic stress. The single character of flowering has been selected to test the proof of concept. The proposed research will develop new genetic markers for heading date. NILs for the UK eps QTLs and two CCPs, one heterogeneous for eps genes alone, and the other with a wide genetic background, will be dissected genetically and physiologically. The performance of the different genotypes to specific timed heat stress events will determine the contribution of flowering diversity to crop resilience.

通过增加作物多样性，有很大的机会提高作物对气候变化的适应能力。在英国，天气模式可能会变得更加多变；随着干旱、洪水频率的增加和高温压力的短期持续（11）。这些变化将使英国农业非常脆弱，温度的突然变化，而不是平均上升，可能对农业生产力产生重大影响（11;24）。英国最重要的经济作物是小麦。作物发育与温度之间的相互作用是复杂的，但已经证明，最脆弱的阶段是开花（花期）（例如6）。极端天气事件的强度和持续时间影响籽粒灌浆期，减产与最高温度胁迫直接相关(2)。这些突发的极端事件不同于全球温度的平均变化；逐渐增加能够选择改善遗传适应环境的特征（16），而突然事件被认为在很大程度上超出了细胞功能的阈值。物种多样性高的植物群落在以下方面对环境变化具有更大的恢复力：(1)资源利用（22）；（ii）生物质生产的稳定性（10）。在将这些生态原则应用于耕地系统时，可以通过利用不同基因型之间的互补来增加作物多样性，从而降低作物歉收的风险。在开花期，这个脆弱的生长阶段的延长将增加一些个体通过在开花期之前或之后开花来逃避极端事件的机会。在冬小麦中，控制穗出和开花的遗传机制是根据它们与环境的相互作用进行分类的。28 ~ 56天的冷处理（春化）诱导耳朵出现。显示控制春化需求的基因包括Vrn-A1， Vrn-B1， Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3（14; 15）。品种也可以根据日光（光周期）要求进行分类。在面包小麦中，这种差异主要由Ppd-D1和Ppd-B1（17）控制，这两种显性等位基因通过光周期不敏感导致穗提早萌发。这些基因对大环境适应具有深远的影响，但第三组，即早熟基因（eps），可以独立于特定的环境信号调节发育速率（19）。春化和光周期基因赋予环境适应性；但eps效应促进了对区域适应生命周期的更微妙的操纵。全基因组基因分型和数量性状位点（QTL）分析的出现，使西欧精英种质中一些重要的eps效应分离得以鉴定；现在可以解释耳朵出现的很大一部分遗传变异(8)。eps基因描述的是平均开花时间点，但基因型的变异可由以下因素引起：(1)首次开花时间；(2)单穗内花期；(3)分蘖间期；(4)一天中花峰的时间。进一步的基因型效应包括结实期的绝对耐温性。本研究旨在验证以下假设：更大的基因型异质性增加了作物在日益增加的气候胁迫下的抗逆性。选择开花的单一特征来测试概念的证明。提出的研究将开发新的抽穗日期遗传标记。英国eps qtl的NILs和两个ccp，一个eps基因单独异质，另一个具有广泛的遗传背景，将从遗传学和生理学上解剖。不同基因型对特定时间热胁迫事件的表现将决定开花多样性对作物抗逆性的贡献。

项目成果

Harnessing Landrace Diversity Empowers Wheat Breeding for Climate Resilience

• DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560903
• 发表时间: 2023-10
• 期刊: bioRxiv
• 作者: Shifeng Cheng;Cong Feng;L. Wingen;Hong Cheng;Andrew B. Riche;Mei Jiang;M. Leverington-Waite

Delimitation of the Earliness per se D1 (Eps-D1) flowering gene to a subtelomeric chromosomal deletion in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum).

在面包小麦（Triticum aestivum）中，将初级界限的界定本质上（EPS-D1）开花基因的界定为亚端染色体缺失。

• DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv458
• 发表时间: 2016-01
• 期刊: Journal of experimental botany
• 影响因子: 6.9
• 作者: Zikhali M;Wingen LU;Griffiths S
• 通讯作者: Griffiths S

Photoperiod sensitivity affects flowering duration in wheat

• DOI: 10.1017/s0021859616000125
• 发表时间: 2017-01-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: Jones, H. E.;Lukac, M.;Griffiths, S.
• 通讯作者: Griffiths, S.

Mutant alleles of Photoperiod-1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that confer a late flowering phenotype in long days.

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079459
• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: PloS one
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Shaw LM;Turner AS;Herry L;Griffiths S;Laurie DA
• 通讯作者: Laurie DA

Validation of a 1DL earliness per se (eps) flowering QTL in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum).

• DOI: 10.1007/s11032-014-0094-3
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement
• 作者: Zikhali M;Leverington-Waite M;Fish L;Simmonds J;Orford S;Wingen LU;Goram R;Gosman N;Bentley A;Griffiths S
• 通讯作者: Griffiths S