AGING & COGNITIVE SLOWING--THE INFORMATION-LOSS MODEL

老化

• 批准号: 3122154
• 负责人: SANDRA S HALE
• 金额: $ 11.24万
• 依托单位: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1992
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1992-07-01 至 1995-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3122154
• 关键词: age difference; aging; cognition; human old age (65+); neural information processing; performance; psychological models; psychological tests; stimulus /response; young adult human (21-34)

The proposed research tests the broad claims of the information-loss model of age-related cognitive slowing proposed by Myerson, Hale, Wagstaff, Smith, and Poon (1990). The model assumes that a single factor, variations in the number of processing steps, is responsible for how response latencies are affected by task complexity, practice, fluctuations in individual performance, and shifts in the emphasis on speed versus accuracy. The model further assumes that a second factor, differences in information-processing efficiency, underlies differences in response latencies of older and younger adults. The interaction of these two factors determines the form of the relation between the latencies of older and younger adult. Establishing the relation between the latencies of older and younger adults will provide an important cognitive benchmark that can be used to determine when individual patterns of cognitive slowing are typical of healthy older adults and when such patterns are indicative of pathological changes. To study this relation, three series of experiments will examine the latencies of older and younger adults on a variety of cognitive tasks. The first series will manipulate practice and speed-accuracy tradeoff to test the hypothesis that the relation between older and younger adults' latencies remains invariant. The second series will examine individual subjects and fluctuations in their performances to test the hypothesis that information loss slows all cognitive processes in all individuals at all levels of performance. The final series will test for the existence of two cognitive domains, each with its own developmental trend with respect to cognitive slowing, and is designed to determine the factors responsible for information loss. In all three series, the predictions of the information-loss model will be compared with those of alternative models of global cognitive slowing, e.g., the multi-layered slowing model and the overhead model proposed by Cerella (1985; 1990).

这项拟议的研究测试了信息损失的广泛主张 迈尔森、黑尔等人提出的年龄相关认知减慢模型 瓦格斯塔夫、史密斯和潘(1990)。该模型假设单个 加工步骤数的变化因素是导致 响应延迟如何受任务复杂性、实践 个人表现的波动，以及重点的转移 速度与精确度。该模型进一步假设第二个因素， 信息处理效率的差异，是差异的基础 作为对老年人和年轻人潜伏期的回应。的相互作用 这两个因素决定了两者之间的关系的形式 老年人和年轻人的潜伏期。建立与中国的关系 老年人和年轻人的潜伏期将提供一个重要的 认知基准，可用于确定个人何时 认知减慢模式是健康老年人的典型特征， 当这样的模式表明病变时。研究这一点 关系，三个系列的实验将检查老年人的潜伏期 以及更年轻的成年人进行各种认知任务。第一季 将操控练习和速度与精度之间的权衡，以测试 假设老年人和年轻人的潜伏期之间的关系 保持不变。第二系列将考察个别科目。 和他们表现的波动来检验这一假设 信息丢失完全会减缓所有人的所有认知过程 性能水平。最后一系列将测试是否存在 两个认知领域，每个领域都有自己的尊重发展趋势 认知减慢，并被设计来确定因素 对信息丢失负责。在所有三个系列中，预测 将信息损失模型与替代模型进行了比较 全局认知减速模型，如多层减速模型 以及Cerella(1985；1990)提出的开销模型。