Spatial dynamics of electron transport

生命依赖于能量转换过程，其中从阳光或催化化学反应（如食物分子的分解）中获得的能量转化为能量，可用于为细胞的生物化学提供动力。一些关键的生物能量转换过程发生在膜中，涉及电子从供体到受体的传输，由光（光合作用）或化学能（呼吸）提供动力。这些过程需要一组膜组件，包括蛋白质复合物和可以在膜中传输电子的较小分子。所涉及的组件现在已经很好地理解，但它们在完整膜中的组织和相互作用却知之甚少。在某些情况下，存在电子传递的替代可能途径。电子传递途径受生理因素的调节，并对细胞的生理有很大的影响。似乎很清楚，电子传递的途径必须在某种程度上取决于电子传递组件在膜中的组织。然而，目前还不清楚电子传递发生在什么长度尺度上（即电子在膜中从最初的供体到最终的受体旅行多远），以及复合物可能在什么长度尺度上组织以控制电子传递途径。了解这些问题的答案可以为我们提供控制生物能源转换的强大新工具，例如，允许工程或生物体适合更有效的生物燃料生产。我们正在使用蓝细菌（一种光合细菌）作为模式生物。在蓝细菌中，光合作用和呼吸作用都发生在细胞内称为类囊体膜的复杂膜系统中。我们最初的方法来了解控制蓝藻中的电子传递途径使用的技术，我们产生突变体，其中特定的电子传递蛋白融合到荧光蛋白。然后，我们可以使用荧光显微镜观察电子传递蛋白在活细胞完整膜中的分布。荧光显微镜的一个缺点是它的分辨率相对较低，即我们无法看到分子尺度上电子传输组分的组织。然而，该技术使我们能够观察到，电子传输复合物的分布在我们可以观察到的尺度上是非常不均匀的。在某些条件下，特定的电子传递组分被集中到膜上的不同的斑块中。我们可以证明，复合物在斑块中的分布，或者其他的分布，是在生理控制下的，我们可以把这与电子传递的生理控制联系起来。我们在这个项目中的目标是更好地了解膜补丁是如何形成的，它们包含什么，它们是如何组织的，以及它们对电子传递有什么影响。最初，我们将使用我们目前的荧光标记技术的扩展，以获得活细胞中斑块组成的更完整的图片。这将与研究相结合，以测试膜中复合物的分布受生理控制的方式的假设。然后，我们将使用生物化学技术分离膜补丁，并确定其完整的组成，结合使用电子显微镜，以获得更高分辨率的信息，在膜中的蛋白质复合物的组织。在研究结束时，我们希望更好地了解膜中的电子传递是如何控制的。我们希望我们的研究对蓝藻作为一个范例，在其他生物体的膜尺度上的生物电子传递的研究，并提供新的思路控制的组织和功能的生物膜一般。

Life depends on processes of energy conversion, in which energy obtained from sunlight, or from catalysing chemical reactions such as the breakdown of food molecules, is converted into energy in forms that can be used to power the biochemistry of the cell. Some key biological energy conversion processes take place in membranes and involves the transport of electrons from donors to acceptors, powered by either light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (respiration). These processes require a set of membrane components including protein complexes and smaller molecules that can transport electrons in the membrane. The components involved are now well understood, but their organisation and interactions in the intact membrane are much less understood. In some cases there are alternative possible routes for electron transport. Electron transport routes are regulated by physiological factors, and have strong effects on the physiology of the cell. It seems clear that the pathways of electron transport must depend somehow on the organisation of the electron transport components in the membrane. However, it remains unclear on what length scales electron transport takes place (i.e. how far in the membrane do electrons travel from their initial donor to their final acceptor) and on what length scales complexes might be organised in order to control electron transport pathways. Knowing the answers to these questions could give us powerful new tools for controlling biological energy conversion, allowing the engineering or organisms suitable for more efficient biofuel production, for example. We are using a cyanobacterium (a kind of photosynthetic bacterium) as a model organism. In cyanobacteria both photosynthesis and respiration occur in a complex membrane system inside the cell called the thylakoid membranes. Our initial approach to understanding the control of electron transport routes in cyanobacteria has used techniques in which we generate mutants in which particular electron transport proteins are fused to a fluorescent protein. We can then use a fluorescence microscope to see the distribution of electron transport proteins in intact membranes in living cells. A disadvantage of fluorescence microscopy is that it has relatively low resolution, i.e. we cannot see the organisation of electron transport components at molecular scales. However, the technique has allowed us to observe that the distribution of electron transport complexes is very heterogeneous on the scales that we can observe. Under some conditions particular electron transport components are concentrated into distinct patches in the membrane. We can show that the distribution of complexes into patches, or otherwise, is under physiological control, and we can relate this to the physiological control of electron transport. Our aims in this project are to understand better how the membrane patches are formed, what they contain, how they are organised and what effects they have on electron transport. Initially we will use an extension of our current fluorescent labelling techniques to get a more complete picture of the composition of the patches in living cells. This will be combined with studies to test hypotheses for the ways in which the distribution of complexes in the membrane are under physiological control. We will then use biochemical techniques to isolate the membrane patches and determine their full composition, combined with the use of electron microscopy to get higher-resolution information on the organisation of protein complexes in the membrane. At the end of the study we expect to understand much better how electron transport in the membrane is controlled. We expect our studies on a cyanobacterium to act as an exemplar for studies of biological electron transport at the membrane scale in other organisms, and to provide new ideas for the control of the organisation and function of biological membranes in general.