IMPROMALT: Improving winter malting barley quality and developing an understanding of the interactions of introgressions with genetic background

IMPROMALT：提高冬季啤酒大麦的质量并加深对基因渗入与遗传背景相互作用的理解

• 批准号: BB/K008188/1
• 负责人: William Thomas
• 金额: $ 79.57万
• 依托单位: James Hutton Institute
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FK008188%2F1
• 关键词: IMPROMALT; Improving; winter; malting; barley

Maltsters, brewers and distillers are concerned about the long-term sustainability of the barley crop. Seasonal problems in many parts of Europe resulted in a restricted malting barley supply that has only just been alleviated by an above average harvest in Argentina. Within the UK, drought conditions resulted in reduced barley crop quality, i.e. higher protein samples, particularly in Eastern England, where much English malting barley is sourced. Under predicted climate change scenarios, such drought conditions are likely to become more frequent and will affect the spring crop much more than the winter crop, which can escape the worst effects of summer drought through a much earlier maturity. Whilst winter barley might therefore provide a more consistent supply, the proportion bought by English maltsters has declined by over 25% over the past 20 years. This decline is due to the reduced quality level of the winter crop compared to the spring so that distillers can produce 16 more litres of raw spirit per tonne of malt on average from the latter. For an industry predicted to use 600,000t of barley from the 2012 harvest, this is a highly significant difference in production efficiency.All current UK winter barley malting varieties have been derived from Maris Otter, first recommended in 1965. Maris Otter combined the spring malting quality attributes of an older variety, Proctor, with the winter habit of Pioneer. Proctor was the major spring malting variety in the UK for many years but the introduction of Triumph was a quantum leap forward for the spring crop in terms of both quality and yield. In a previous project, we have analysed DNA fingerprints of UK spring and winter barley malting cultivars to identify genetic differences between the two crops that are associated with malting quality. Whilst plant breeders have previously tried to introgress spring quality attributes into winter barley, they have relied on chance events to assemble the right genes, which is an impossible task when the crops differ at thousands of genes. But we now have the knowledge and tools to conduct the introgression of spring attributes into winter barley in a highly targeted manner to test the hypothesis that their introduction will improve winter malting quality. The germplasm emerging from this proposal will then be used by the plant breeding partners of the project in further rounds of crossing and selection to develop improved winter malting quality cultivars that approached the spring quality levels but in a suitable agronomic background for contemporary farming practise and would thus re-generate interest in using winter barley for malting for use in brewing and distilling. As indicated in the previous paragraph, greater use of the winter crop is likely to provide a more consistent supply of malting barley in the future. As malting supplies are becoming tighter due to a variety of market factors, a switch to the higher yielding winter crop would also mean that the effects of competition for land for more profitable crops would have a less pronounced effect upon malting barley supply. As six row barley varieties tend to have a higher yield than two row, a longer term aim is to develop six row malting types that would further decrease the land area required to secure a malting barley supply.

麦芽制造商、啤酒制造商和蒸馏厂都关心大麦作物的长期可持续性。欧洲许多地区的季节性问题导致啤酒大麦供应受到限制，而阿根廷的收成高于平均水平才刚刚缓解了这一情况。在英国，干旱条件导致大麦作物质量下降，即蛋白质样本含量较高，特别是在英格兰东部，那里是许多英国啤酒大麦的来源地。在预测的气候变化情景下，这种干旱情况可能会变得更加频繁，并且对春季作物的影响远大于冬季作物，冬季作物可以通过更早的成熟来避免夏季干旱的最严重影响。因此，虽然冬大麦的供应可能更加稳定，但英国麦芽制造商购买的比例在过去 20 年中下降了 25% 以上。这一下降是由于冬季作物的质量水平比春季作物的质量水平下降，因此蒸馏厂每吨麦芽平均可以多生产 16 升原酒。对于预计使用 2012 年收获的 600,000 吨大麦的行业来说，这在生产效率上是一个非常显着的差异。英国目前所有的冬季大麦麦芽品种均源自 Maris Otter，于 1965 年首次推荐。Maris Otter 将老品种 Proctor 的春季麦芽质量属性与 Pioneer 的冬季习惯相结合。 Proctor 多年来一直是英国主要的春季麦芽品种，但 Triumph 的推出使春季作物在质量和产量方面实现了巨大飞跃。在之前的项目中，我们分析了英国春季和冬季大麦发芽品种的 DNA 指纹，以确定两种作物之间与发芽质量相关的遗传差异。虽然植物育种者之前曾尝试将春季品质属性引入冬大麦，但他们依靠偶然事件来组装正确的基因，当农作物有数千个基因存在差异时，这是一项不可能完成的任务。但我们现在拥有知识和工具，能够以高度针对性的方式将春季属性引入冬季大麦，以检验其引入将提高冬季麦芽质量的假设。该项目的植物育种合作伙伴将利用该提案中产生的种质进行进一步的杂交和选择，以开发改良的冬季麦芽质量品种，该品种接近春季质量水平，但具有适合当代农业实践的农艺背景，从而重新激发人们对使用冬季大麦进行麦芽酿造和蒸馏的兴趣。正如上一段所述，更多地利用冬季作物可能会在未来提供更稳定的啤酒大麦供应。由于各种市场因素，麦芽供应变得更加紧张，转向高产冬季作物也意味着，为利润更高的作物而争夺土地的影响对麦芽大麦供应的影响将不那么明显。由于六行大麦品种的产量往往高于两行大麦，因此长期目标是开发六行麦芽类型，这将进一步减少确保麦芽大麦供应所需的土地面积。

项目成果

Association Mapping of Diastatic Power in UK Winter and Spring Barley by Exome Sequencing of Phenotypically Contrasting Variety Sets.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01566
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Frontiers in plant science
• 影响因子: 5.6
• 作者: Looseley ME;Bayer M;Bull H;Ramsay L;Thomas W;Booth A;De La Fuente Canto C;Morris J;Hedley PE;Russell J
• 通讯作者: Russell J

IMPROMALT: improving the malting quality of winter barley for sustainability of distilling industry.

IMPROMALT：提高冬大麦的制麦质量，以实现蒸馏行业的可持续发展。

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Thomas WTB

The Barley Genome

• DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92528-8
• 发表时间: 2016-01
• 作者: N. Stein;G. Muehlbauer

Natural variation in HvAT10 underlies grain cell wall-esterified phenolic acid content in cultivated barley.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1095862
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Frontiers in plant science
• 影响因子: 5.6

Barley Methods & Protocols

大麦方法

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Thomas WTB