THE ROLE OF ANXIETY IN CIGARETTE SMOKING

焦虑在吸烟中的作用

• 批准号: 3184244
• 负责人: OVIDE POMERLAU
• 金额: $ 15.31万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1985
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1985-08-16 至 1991-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3184244
• 关键词: analgesia; anxiety; arousal; attention; behavior test; behavioral medicine; caffeine; dosage; drug addiction; endorphins; environmental stressor; epinephrine; habits; human subject; naloxone; nicotine; norepinephrine; pain threshold; physiologic stressor; psychological reinforcement; psychological stressor; stress; tobacco abuse; tobacco abuse prevention

The objective is to produce findings that will be useful in the development of improved strategies for treating and preventing return to smoking, the primary cause of pulmonary and related metastatic disease. The specific aims are a) the generation of new and more definitive knowledge about the stimulus control of smoking/nicotine intake by environmentally-induced changes in affect; and b) specification of reinforcing consequences for smoking derived from the modulation of affect by nicotine. The project will focus upon the role of anxiety--a major motive for smoking, a putative reinforcer contributing to the entrainment of nicotine dependence, and a key factor in smoking relapse--over 4 years of research. In the first 3 years, anxiety induction and smoking/nicotine intake will be investigated in parametric laboratory studies, each using 20 subjects (male smokers scoring high on measures of addiction and anxiety factors) in repeated measures designs. The studies will involve different modes of anxiety induction (mental arithmetic or a film depicting bodily injury), different nicotine doses (using self-dosing with usual cigarettes or fixed-dosing with research cigarettes), and different initial levels of arousal (pretreatment with caffeine or a benzodiazepine). Subjective (withdrawal, alertness, anxiety, craving), physiological (heart rate, skin conductance), behavioral (smoking topography), and biochemical (cotinine, nicotine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta-endorphin) measures will be obtained. The resulting information, coupled with investigations involving nicotine-stimulated beta-endorphin release and naloxone-blocking of nicotine's anxiolytic effects, should permit identification of key functional relationships between anxiety and smoking. The fourth year of research will investigate, in 100 men and 100 women smokers scoring high on measures of addiction, individual differences in anxiety-susceptibility and resulting nicotine intake as predictors of ability to abstain from smoking in the ordinary environment, thus validating and extending the laboratory-based studies. (Inclusion of women in the final year was prompted by the suggestion that women's smoking-cessation rates lag behind those of men because of added difficulties in quitting due to greater anxiety-susceptibility or tension-reduction from smoking.) The resulting methodology may yield a means of testing new approaches to treatment and thus spur the development of more effective therapies for smokers with poor prognosis for quitting.

目标是得出对开发有用的发现 治疗和预防重新吸烟的改进策略 肺部及相关转移性疾病的主要原因。 具体的 目标是 a) 产生关于事物的新的、更明确的知识 通过环境诱导的刺激控制吸烟/尼古丁摄入 情感的变化； b) 强化后果的说明 吸烟源自尼古丁的影响调节。 项目 将重点关注焦虑的作用——吸烟的一个主要动机，一个假定的吸烟动机 促进尼古丁依赖的强化剂，以及 吸烟复吸的关键因素——超过 4 年的研究。 在前 3 年，将调查焦虑诱发和吸烟/尼古丁摄入量 在参数实验室研究中，每项研究使用 20 名受试者（男性吸烟者 在成瘾和焦虑因素的测量上得分高）重复 措施设计。 这些研究将涉及不同的焦虑模式 归纳（心算或描述身体伤害的电影），不同 尼古丁剂量（使用普通香烟自行给药或固定剂量 与研究香烟），以及不同的初始唤醒水平 （用咖啡因或苯二氮卓类药物预处理）。 主观（退出， 警觉性、焦虑、渴望）、生理（心率、皮肤电导）、 行为（吸烟地形）和生化（可替宁、尼古丁、 将获得去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、β-内啡肽）测量值。 由此产生的信息以及涉及的调查 尼古丁刺激β-内啡肽释放和纳洛酮阻断 尼古丁的抗焦虑作用，应该允许识别关键 焦虑与吸烟之间的功能关系。 第四年 研究将调查 100 名男性吸烟者和 100 名女性吸烟者中得分高的 成瘾的测量、焦虑易感性的个体差异以及 由此产生的尼古丁摄入量作为戒烟能力的预测因素 在普通环境中，从而验证和扩展 基于实验室的研究。 （最后一年纳入的女性人数为 受到女性戒烟率落后的建议的推动 男性的戒烟难度更大，因为戒烟的难度更大 吸烟导致的焦虑易感性或紧张感降低。） 方法论可能会产生一种测试新治疗方法的手段 从而刺激针对贫困吸烟者开发更有效的疗法 戒烟的预测。