THE ROLE OF ANXIETY IN CIGARETTE SMOKING

其目的是得出对发展有用的结论， 治疗和预防复吸的改进策略， 肺和相关转移性疾病的主要原因。 具体 目标是：a）产生新的和更明确的知识， 通过环境诱导刺激控制吸烟/尼古丁摄入 影响的变化;和B）加强后果的具体说明， 吸烟源于尼古丁对情感的调节。 项目 将集中在焦虑的作用-吸烟的主要动机，一个假定的 促进尼古丁依赖的夹带，以及 吸烟复吸的关键因素-超过4年的研究。 前3 年，将研究焦虑诱导和吸烟/尼古丁摄入 在参数实验室研究中，每项研究使用20名受试者（男性吸烟者 得分高的成瘾和焦虑因素的措施），在重复 措施设计。 这些研究将涉及不同的焦虑模式 感应（心算或描述身体伤害的电影），不同 尼古丁剂量（使用常用香烟的自我剂量或固定剂量 研究香烟），以及不同的初始唤醒水平 （用咖啡因或苯二氮卓预处理）。 主观（戒断， 警觉、焦虑、渴望），生理（心率、皮肤电导）， 行为（吸烟地形）和生化（可替宁，尼古丁， 去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、β-内啡肽）测量。 由此产生的信息，加上调查， 尼古丁刺激的β-内啡肽释放和纳洛酮阻断 尼古丁的抗焦虑作用，应允许确定关键的 焦虑与吸烟之间的关系 四年 研究将调查，在100名男性和100名女性吸烟者中， 成瘾的措施，焦虑易感性的个体差异， 结果尼古丁摄入量作为戒烟能力的预测因子 在普通环境中，从而验证和扩展 基于实验室的研究。 （最后一年的妇女人数是 这是因为女性戒烟率落后于男性， 而男性则因为更大的压力， 焦虑-易感性或紧张-减少吸烟。） 所得 方法学可能会产生一种测试新治疗方法的手段， 从而刺激开发更有效的治疗吸烟者与穷人 戒烟的预后。

The objective is to produce findings that will be useful in the development of improved strategies for treating and preventing return to smoking, the primary cause of pulmonary and related metastatic disease. The specific aims are a) the generation of new and more definitive knowledge about the stimulus control of smoking/nicotine intake by environmentally-induced changes in affect; and b) specification of reinforcing consequences for smoking derived from the modulation of affect by nicotine. The project will focus upon the role of anxiety--a major motive for smoking, a putative reinforcer contributing to the entrainment of nicotine dependence, and a key factor in smoking relapse--over 4 years of research. In the first 3 years, anxiety induction and smoking/nicotine intake will be investigated in parametric laboratory studies, each using 20 subjects (male smokers scoring high on measures of addiction and anxiety factors) in repeated measures designs. The studies will involve different modes of anxiety induction (mental arithmetic or a film depicting bodily injury), different nicotine doses (using self-dosing with usual cigarettes or fixed-dosing with research cigarettes), and different initial levels of arousal (pretreatment with caffeine or a benzodiazepine). Subjective (withdrawal, alertness, anxiety, craving), physiological (heart rate, skin conductance), behavioral (smoking topography), and biochemical (cotinine, nicotine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta-endorphin) measures will be obtained. The resulting information, coupled with investigations involving nicotine-stimulated beta-endorphin release and naloxone-blocking of nicotine's anxiolytic effects, should permit identification of key functional relationships between anxiety and smoking. The fourth year of research will investigate, in 100 men and 100 women smokers scoring high on measures of addiction, individual differences in anxiety-susceptibility and resulting nicotine intake as predictors of ability to abstain from smoking in the ordinary environment, thus validating and extending the laboratory-based studies. (Inclusion of women in the final year was prompted by the suggestion that women's smoking-cessation rates lag behind those of men because of added difficulties in quitting due to greater anxiety-susceptibility or tension-reduction from smoking.) The resulting methodology may yield a means of testing new approaches to treatment and thus spur the development of more effective therapies for smokers with poor prognosis for quitting.