THE ROLE OF ANXIETY IN CIGARETTE SMOKING

目标是产生对开发有用的结果。 在改善治疗和防止重新吸烟的策略方面， 肺部及相关转移性疾病的主要原因。具体的 目标是a)新的和更明确的关于 环境诱导对吸烟/尼古丁摄入量的刺激控制 影响的变化；以及b)关于加强后果的说明 吸烟源于尼古丁对情感的调节。该项目 将专注于焦虑的作用--吸烟的主要动机，推定 有助于尼古丁依赖的增强剂，以及一种 吸烟复发的关键因素--超过4年的研究。在前3个月 年，焦虑诱因和吸烟/尼古丁摄入量将被调查 在参数实验室研究中，每个研究对象20名(男性吸烟者 在成瘾和焦虑因素的测量上得分很高) 测量设计。这些研究将涉及不同的焦虑模式 感应(心算或描述身体伤害的电影)，不同 尼古丁剂量(与普通香烟一起使用自身剂量或固定剂量 研究香烟)，以及不同的初始唤醒水平 (用咖啡因或苯二氮卓类药物进行预处理)。主观(撤退， 警觉、焦虑、渴望)、生理(心率、皮肤传导性)、 行为(吸烟地形图)和生化(可替宁、尼古丁、 将获得去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、β-内啡肽)措施。 由此产生的信息，再加上涉及 尼古丁刺激的β-内啡肽释放和纳洛酮拮抗作用 尼古丁的抗焦虑作用，应该允许识别关键 焦虑和吸烟之间的功能关系。公元四年 研究将对100名男性和100名女性吸烟者进行调查 成瘾测量，焦虑敏感度的个体差异和 尼古丁摄入量作为戒烟能力的预测指标 在普通环境中，从而验证和扩展 基于实验室的研究。(最后一年的女性人数是 促使女性戒烟率落后的建议 男性的原因是戒烟困难增加，原因是 吸烟易患焦虑症或缓解紧张。)由此产生的 方法学可以产生一种测试新的治疗方法和 从而刺激为贫困吸烟者开发更有效的治疗方法 戒烟的预后。

The objective is to produce findings that will be useful in the development of improved strategies for treating and preventing return to smoking, the primary cause of pulmonary and related metastatic disease. The specific aims are a) the generation of new and more definitive knowledge about the stimulus control of smoking/nicotine intake by environmentally-induced changes in affect; and b) specification of reinforcing consequences for smoking derived from the modulation of affect by nicotine. The project will focus upon the role of anxiety--a major motive for smoking, a putative reinforcer contributing to the entrainment of nicotine dependence, and a key factor in smoking relapse--over 4 years of research. In the first 3 years, anxiety induction and smoking/nicotine intake will be investigated in parametric laboratory studies, each using 20 subjects (male smokers scoring high on measures of addiction and anxiety factors) in repeated measures designs. The studies will involve different modes of anxiety induction (mental arithmetic or a film depicting bodily injury), different nicotine doses (using self-dosing with usual cigarettes or fixed-dosing with research cigarettes), and different initial levels of arousal (pretreatment with caffeine or a benzodiazepine). Subjective (withdrawal, alertness, anxiety, craving), physiological (heart rate, skin conductance), behavioral (smoking topography), and biochemical (cotinine, nicotine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta-endorphin) measures will be obtained. The resulting information, coupled with investigations involving nicotine-stimulated beta-endorphin release and naloxone-blocking of nicotine's anxiolytic effects, should permit identification of key functional relationships between anxiety and smoking. The fourth year of research will investigate, in 100 men and 100 women smokers scoring high on measures of addiction, individual differences in anxiety-susceptibility and resulting nicotine intake as predictors of ability to abstain from smoking in the ordinary environment, thus validating and extending the laboratory-based studies. (Inclusion of women in the final year was prompted by the suggestion that women's smoking-cessation rates lag behind those of men because of added difficulties in quitting due to greater anxiety-susceptibility or tension-reduction from smoking.) The resulting methodology may yield a means of testing new approaches to treatment and thus spur the development of more effective therapies for smokers with poor prognosis for quitting.