Evolution of dosage compensation on recently evolved sex chromosomes

最近进化的性染色体上剂量补偿的进化

• 批准号: BB/P009808/1
• 负责人: Dmitry Filatov
• 金额: $ 46.33万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FP009808%2F1
• 关键词: Evolution; dosage; compensation; recently; evolved

In most species, the development of an individual as a male or a female depends on the presence of sex chromosomes; for example, in humans, XY-individuals become males and XX-individuals develop as females. Similar situation exists in many other organisms where sex chromosomes evolved independently. Despite multiple independent origins, the properties of sex chromosomes are rather similar in different organisms, indicating the generality of evolutionary forces shaping sex chromosomes. In particular, Y-chromosome tends to lose functional genes and become genetically degenerate, while genes on the X-chromosome remain functional. For example, human Y-chromosome contains only a few dozen functional genes, which contrasts with about a thousand genes on the X-chromosome. The challenge is to understand the evolutionary forces shaping sex chromosomes and currently this is a very hot topic of on-going research.The loss of genes from Y-chromosome leaves only one functional copy of a sex-linked gene in males, while two copies of the gene are present in females (because they have two X-chromosomes). This creates disbalance between sexes and is likely to be detrimental in males, where not enough product is produced from sex-linked genes. To resolve this problem, fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) males increase yield from X-linked genes to compensate for lack of second copy of X-linked genes in males. Such 'dosage compensation' has also been discovered in other organisms, but the way they achieve the balance between sexes varies. For example, mammals increase expression of X-linked genes in both males and females and then switch off one of the X-chromosomes in females. How such dosage compensation systems evolve remains poorly understood, and 'old' sex chromosomes, such as those in mammals and Drosophila melanogaster, are hardly suitable to study evolution of dosage compensation.This project will take advantage of the recent evolution of sex chromosomes in plant Silene latifolia to study the early steps in evolution of dosage compensation system. Most species in genus Silene are hermaphroditic, while a few species, including Silene latifolia, evolved separate sexes relatively recently, allowing us to compare closely related species with different mating systems. Importantly, sex in S. latifolia is determined by sex chromosomes that evolved from scratch within only few million years. It has been demonstrated that Y-chromosome in this species has begun degenerating and nascent dosage compensations is present on the X-chromosome. The recent origin of S. latifolia sex chromosomes and the presence of congeneric species, representing the ancestral state without sex chromosomes, provide a unique opportunity to unravel the evolutionary forces and processes shaping the sex chromosomes at the early stages of their evolution.

在大多数物种中，个体发育为男性或女性取决于性染色体的存在;例如，在人类中，XY-个体发育为男性，XX-个体发育为女性。类似的情况也存在于性染色体独立进化的许多其他生物中。尽管有多个独立的起源，性染色体的性质在不同的生物中是相当相似的，这表明了塑造性染色体的进化力量的普遍性。特别是，Y染色体倾向于失去功能基因并变得遗传退化，而X染色体上的基因保持功能。例如，人类Y染色体上只有几十个功能基因，而X染色体上有大约一千个基因。目前的挑战是理解形成性染色体的进化力量，这是一个正在进行的研究的热门话题。Y染色体上的基因丢失在男性中只留下一个性连锁基因的功能拷贝，而女性中存在两个基因拷贝（因为她们有两个X染色体）。这造成了两性之间的不平衡，而且可能对男性有害，因为在男性中，性连锁基因不能产生足够的产物。为了解决这个问题，果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）雄性增加X连锁基因的产量，以弥补雄性缺乏X连锁基因的第二个拷贝。这种“剂量补偿”也在其他生物中发现，但它们实现性别平衡的方式各不相同。例如，哺乳动物在雄性和雌性中增加X连锁基因的表达，然后关闭雌性中的一条X染色体。目前对这种剂量补偿系统的进化机制还知之甚少，而哺乳动物和果蝇等“古老”的性染色体也不适合研究剂量补偿系统的进化。本项目将利用植物宽叶蝇子草（Silene latifolia）的性染色体的最新进化，研究剂量补偿系统的早期进化。大多数蝇子草属的物种都是雌雄同体的，而包括宽叶蝇子草在内的少数物种最近才进化出单独的性别，这使得我们能够比较具有不同交配系统的密切相关的物种。重要的是，性在S。宽叶是由性染色体决定的，这些染色体在短短几百万年内从无到有进化而来。研究表明，该物种的Y染色体已开始退化，X染色体上存在新生剂量补偿。对S.宽叶性染色体和同类物种的存在，代表了没有性染色体的祖先状态，提供了一个独特的机会，以解开在其进化的早期阶段形成性染色体的进化力量和过程。

项目成果

How does evolution work in superabundant microbes?

• DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.01.009
• 发表时间: 2024-09-03
• 期刊: TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY
• 影响因子: 15.9
• 作者: Filatov，Dmitry A.;Kirkpatrick，Mark
• 通讯作者: Kirkpatrick，Mark

Recent expansion of the non-recombining sex-linked region on Silene latifolia sex chromosomes.

• DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14063
• 发表时间: 2022-12
• 期刊: Journal of evolutionary biology
• 影响因子: 2.1
• 作者: Filatov DA

Evolution of sex-determination in dioecious plants: From active Y to X/A balance?

• DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300111
• 发表时间: 2023-09-11
• 期刊: BIOESSAYS
• 影响因子: 4
• 作者: Kazama，Yusuke;Kobayashi，Taiki;Filatov，Dmitry A.
• 通讯作者: Filatov，Dmitry A.

Evolution of the sex-determining region in Ginkgo biloba.

• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0229
• 发表时间: 2022-05-09
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
• 作者: Gong W;Filatov DA
• 通讯作者: Filatov DA

Supplementary figures and tables from Evolution of the sex-determining region in

补充数据和表格来自性别决定区域的进化

• DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19336819
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Gong W