USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA IN POPULATION GENETICS

重组DNA技术可用于检测不同类型的基因 自然种群的变异性，以前不可能 学习。本提案涉及三个与此相关的申请者 新能力。第一种是同时使用父系(Y-染色体) DNA)、母性(线粒体DNA)和双性(核糖体DNA，单性 复制核DNA)遗传DNA标记以检查种群结构 某些昆虫和爬行动物物种(尽管分析框架 实验方案也将适用于人类的研究 人口结构)。人口结构是指有效的 种群规模、交配系统和发生的基因流动模式 在一个物种内。这些参数对数量和数量有重大影响 遗传变异在物种内的分布和在进化过程中的变化 适应性进化和物种形成。然而，目前的金额和 遗传变异的分布也取决于过去的事件，以及 最重要的是，在创始人和瓶颈事件中，物种 在过去经历过人口规模较小的时期。这样的瓶颈 被认为在决定疾病的发病率方面发挥了关键作用 某些人类群体中的遗传病。因此，第二个 本提案中概述的应用将是重建 限制点研究的历史渊源与瓶颈效应 线粒体和核糖体DNA的多态性。历史上的 DNA中编码的信息也可以追溯到 物种本身，第三个应用是使用重组DNA 重建亲缘关系密切的现存物种系统发育的技术 物种。这些系统发育信息需要用来评估基因 物种形成的影响，并更充分地将种群遗传学与 宏观进化。这些信息还将使我们能够测试许多 假说源于分子进化领域。总而言之， 重组DNA技术将被用来检测一些进化 当前和历史上的力量，极大地影响了数量和 遗传变异在种群和物种之间的分布。

Recombinant DNA technology can be used to assay types of genetic variability in natural populations that were previously not feasible to study. This proposal is concerned with three related applicants of this new ability. The first is the simultaneous use of paternally (Y-chrosomal DNA), maternally (mitochondrial DNA), and bisexually (ribosomal DNA, single copy nuclear DNA) inherited DNA markers to examine the population structure of certain insect and reptile species (although the analytical framework and experimental protocol will also be applicable to studies of human population structure). Population structure refers to the effective population sizes, systems of mating, and patterns of gene flow that occur within a species. These parameters have a major impact on the amount and distribution of genetic variation within a specie and upon the course of adaptive evolution and speciation. However, the current amount and distribution of genetic variation is also dependent upon past events, and most importantly upon founder and bottleneck events in which the species underwent episodes of small population size in the past. Such bottlenecks are thought to have played a critical role in determining the incidence of genetic disease in certain human populations. Consequently, the second application outlined in this proposal will be the reconstruction of historical founder and bottleneck effects from studies on restriction site polymorphism in mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA. The historical information encoded in the DNA also extends back beyond the history of the species itself, and the third application is the use of recombinant DNA techniques in reconstructing phylogenies of closely related existing species. This phylogenetic information is needed to assess the genetic impact of speciation and to more fully integrate population genetics with macroevolution. Such information will also allow us to test many hypotheses stemming from the area of molecular evolution. In summary, recombinant DNA technology will be used to examine some of the evolutionary forces--both current and historical--that greatly influence the amount and distribution of genetic variation among and between populations and species.