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Canada_IPAP - Impacts of antibiotic usage reduction in farmed animals

Canada_IPAP - 减少养殖动物抗生素使用的影响

基本信息

批准号：
BB/X012670/1
负责人：
Matthew Avison
金额：
$ 19.35万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2023
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2023 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FX012670%2F1
关键词：
Canada_IPAP Impacts antibiotic usage reduction

项目摘要

Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Antibiotics are natural products of microbes and have been present in the environment in small amounts for millions of years. Some environmental bacteria have therefore had time to evolve resistance to these antibiotics. Once we started using antibiotics to treat infections, we set off a chain of events that has led to pre-evolved resistance moving from its environmental origins into bacteria that cause disease. This "mobile" resistance can spread through bacterial populations, leading to long-term consequences when these bacteria cause infections. One example is the CTX-M enzyme, which gives resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporin (3GC) antibiotics. CTX-M was discovered 30 years ago, but it is now found in bacteria causing about 5% of urinary tract and bloodstream infections in humans in the UK.3GCs are used to treat infections in humans and animals. However, because they are considered Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials for use in humans, their use in farm animals in the UK has now almost stopped. This is because the Red Tractor farm assurance scheme, which is followed by 95% of UK farms, introduced new regulations around antibiotic use in mid 2018. One aim is to reduce the number of 3GC resistant bacteria in farm animals, which might spread to humans and cause resistant infections.Some antibiotics, in contrast, are used to treat infections in farmed animals but never in humans (in the UK). One example is spectinomycin, which has been extensively used to treat sheep in the UK for decades. There are no rules specifically preventing the use of "farmed animal specific" antibiotics like spectinomycin, but in many countries, there is a general downward trend in antibiotic usage in farming. Furthermore, since late 2021, spectinomycin has no longer been available in the UK for treatment of sheep because its manufacturers have withdrawn it from sale. This might be expected to reduce rates of spectinomycin resistance in the UK sheep flock. We also see spectinomycin - and other farmed animal specific antibiotic resistance - in bacteria causing human infections, suggesting that there is a flow of resistant bacteria from farmed animals to humans. Maybe this will now start to reduce?Moves to reduce antibiotic usage in farming are ongoing in many countries. This project aims to build a partnership between UK (University of Bristol) researchers and those in Canada (Universities of Montreal, Guelph, Calgary and Prince Edward Island) who are experts in antibiotic use and resistance in farmed animals, and/or in humans. In Canada, there has been variation in regulatory and industry-led changes to antibiotic usage in farming at provincial level, but generally, a downward trajectory in usage started later than it did in the UK.Our partnership will be built though a variety of activities, but predominantly by collaborative research aiming to understand whether antibiotic usage reduction in farming is driving down antibiotic resistance levels on farms, and also in human infections. To do this, we will take advantage of natural experiments in the UK and Canada that are uniquely possibly for us to undertake, become of our ongoing involvement in large-scale longitudinal farm antibiotic usage and resistance surveillance projects, and the fact that antibiotic usage is being reduced in both countries at different rates and in subtly different ways.It is very difficult to validly demonstrate a significant association between antibiotic usage reduction in farming on antibiotic resistance in bacteria on farms, and even more difficult to show and effect on human populations. This is because of all the potential confounding factors occurring in parallel that might also be driving down resistance. The value of our partnership is that we can pool our cutting edge technical expertise and so make these analysis possible.

抗生素被用来预防和治疗人类和动物的细菌感染。抗生素是微生物的天然产物，数百万年来一直以少量存在于环境中。因此，一些环境细菌有时间对这些抗生素产生抗药性。一旦我们开始使用抗生素治疗感染，我们就会引发一连串的事件，导致预先进化的耐药性从环境起源转移到导致疾病的细菌。这种“移动性”耐药性可以通过细菌种群传播，当这些细菌引起感染时，会导致长期的后果。一个例子是CTX-M酶，它对第三代头孢菌素(3GC)抗生素具有耐药性。CTX-M是在30年前发现的，但现在在英国人类约5%的尿路和血液感染的细菌中发现了CTX-M。3GCs被用于治疗人类和动物的感染。然而，由于它们被认为是人类使用的最优先、至关重要的抗菌剂，它们在英国农场动物中的使用现在几乎已经停止。这是因为红色拖拉机农场保证计划，95%的英国农场遵循该计划，在2018年年中引入了有关抗生素使用的新规定。一个目标是减少农场动物中对3GC具有耐药性的细菌的数量，这些细菌可能会传播到人类并导致耐药性感染。相比之下，一些抗生素被用于治疗农场动物的感染，但从未在人类身上使用(在英国)。一个例子是壮观霉素，它在英国被广泛用于治疗绵羊已有数十年。目前还没有专门的规定禁止使用像壮观霉素这样的“养殖动物专用”抗生素，但在许多国家，养殖中抗生素的使用量总体上呈下降趋势。此外，自2021年末以来，英国不再有用于治疗绵羊的壮观霉素，因为其制造商已将其召回销售。这可能会降低英国羊群中壮观霉素的耐药率。我们还在导致人类感染的细菌中看到了壮观霉素--和其他养殖动物特有的抗生素耐药性--这表明存在耐药细菌从养殖动物流向人类。也许这种情况现在会开始减少？许多国家正在采取行动，减少农业中抗生素的使用。该项目旨在建立英国(布里斯托尔大学)研究人员和加拿大(蒙特利尔大学、圭尔夫大学、卡尔加里大学和爱德华王子岛大学)研究人员之间的合作伙伴关系，他们是养殖动物和/或人类中抗生素使用和耐药性方面的专家。在加拿大，在省级农业中抗生素使用的监管和行业主导的变化有所不同，但总的来说，抗生素使用量的下降轨迹开始得比英国晚。我们的伙伴关系将通过各种活动建立，但主要是通过合作研究，旨在了解农业中抗生素使用量的减少是否正在降低农场和人类感染的抗生素耐药性水平。要做到这一点，我们将利用英国和加拿大的自然实验，这些实验对我们来说是唯一可能进行的，因为我们正在参与大规模的纵向农场抗生素使用和耐药性监测项目，以及两国抗生素使用量正在以不同的速度和微妙的不同的方式减少的事实。很难有效地证明农场抗生素使用量的减少与农场细菌的抗生素耐药性之间的显著联系，甚至更难展示和影响人类群体。这是因为所有潜在的混杂因素同时出现，可能也在压低阻力。我们合作的价值在于，我们可以汇集我们的尖端技术专业知识，从而使这些分析成为可能。