COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN AND THE AGED

这项研究有两个广泛的目标。第一个是与交叉比较- 国家数据：政府对儿童的支持水平与 人口老龄化的高收入国家中的老年人。 美国针对儿童和老年人的公共计划的差异 一直是许多政治和学术辩论的主题。然而， 关于经济和社会发展经验的系统比较证据 缺乏人口结构相似的国家。比较概述 欧洲国家的公共支出模式可能会识别出交叉 各国在公众对儿童和老年人的支持方面存在差异，以及 提供一个框架，从这个框架中，美国的特定体验可以 被理解。第二个目标是检查以下方面的影响 人口和政治结构对基于年龄的公共政策的影响 收入民主国家。这项研究中要检验的一个论点是 在某些制度条件下，政府增加而不是 减少对年轻人的转移，以应对人口老龄化。这个 目标是通过多变量分析识别社会状况 在公共政策中促进代际团结，而不是 代际竞争或年龄竞争。然后，利用比较数据，这项研究 将考察国家政治环境如何影响 人口、政治和社会变化对基于年龄的公共政策的影响。 这些结果可以用来解决关于来源的理论争论。 美国年轻人和老年人地位的变化。 为了达到这些总体目标，该项目将每年花费时间 18个先进工业民主国家的直接和间接数据 (例如，税收支出)转移各种支出和应享权利 主要针对年轻人和老年人的节目。两个最重要的 以年龄为基础的项目--养老金和家庭津贴--将被衡量 最详细的，但以免税的形式提供的好处，教育 支持，以及社会援助也将被审查。进一步的数据 论国家人口、社会、经济、政治特征 将会被收集起来。随着具体措施的出台，该项目将 描述年中年轻人和老年人的相对支出水平的趋势 比目前存在的更多细节。它还将分析结构 通过特定背景建模确定基于年龄的支出的决定因素 在人口统计和经济全球化的影响下，各国的政治影响 政治变革。

This study has two broad objectives. The first is to compare with cross- national data the level of government support for children relative to the elderly among high income nations with aging populations. Differences in public programs for children and the elderly in the U.S. have been the subject of much political and scholarly debate. Yet, systematic comparative evidence on the experience of economically and demographically similar nations is lacking. A comparative overview of patterns of public spending in European nations may identify cross- national divergence in public support of children and the elderly, and provide a framework from which the particular experience in the U.S. can be understood. The second objective is to examine the impact of demographic and political structures on age-based public policies in high income democracies. A thesis to be tested in the study is that under certain institutional conditions, governments increase rather than decrease transfers to the young in response to population aging. The goal is to identify through multivariate analysis the societal conditions that promote generational solidarity in public policy rather than generational or age competition. Using comparative data, then, the study will examine how national political contexts shape the impact of demographic, political, and social change on age-based public policies. The results can be used to address theoretical debates over the sources of changes in the status of the young and old in the U.S. To reach these general objectives, the project will gather annual time series data for 18 advanced industrial democracies on direct and indirect (i.e., tax expenditure) transfer spending and entitlements for a variety of programs aimed primarily at the young and old. The two most important age-based programs - pensions and family allowances - are to be measured in most detail, but benefits in the form of tax allowances, educational support, and social assistance will be examined as well. Further data on national demographic, social, economic, and political characteristics are to be gathered. With the detailed measures, the project will describe the trends in relative spending levels for the young and old in more detail than currently exists. It will also analyze the structural determinants of age-based spending by modelling context-specific political effects across nations in the impact of demographic and political change.