COMMUNICATION OF AFFECT WITH ABUSE-ELICITING CHILDREN

建议的研究应用了家庭互动的交易模型。 到涉及儿童的照顾系统，这些儿童是身体上的高危人群 虐待。一般模型预测，人的社会情感特征 成人与儿童的互动(A)受到社会归因的调节，以及(B) 通过特定的语言和非语言交流模式进行调节。过去时 模型的测试集中在照顾者将权力表达为原因和 “难相处”的儿童行为的后果。目前的研究主要集中在 照顾者表达情感既是“困难”的原因也是结果 孩子的行为。预计虐待家庭系统将涉及(A) 令人厌恶的儿童行为，(B)父母的归因涉及较低的 照顾成功的“自我”和照顾孩子的高度“责备” 失败，以及(C)护理者沟通模式，其特征是高 消极情绪和不经常或不真诚的积极情绪。负性 据预测，情感最明显的表现是高“泄漏率” 通信组件，例如语调、简短的面部显示。 照顾者积极情感的表现预计会伴随而来 通过暗示他们的“有管理的”本性，例如，不寻常的微笑 短暂的偏置时间，一秒内同时无能为力的“泄漏” 沟通渠道。 假设将在自然和人工合成的家庭中进行测试。在……里面 物质虐待儿童的高危家庭(N=40)，母亲将是 连续拍摄了与她虐待的孩子互动的视频， 一个她不太可能成为目标的兄弟姐妹。所有兄弟姐妹对也将是 与没有亲属关系的母亲互动的录像。这些同伴 调查将使我们能够确定(A)目标的程度 儿童(与他们的非目标兄弟姐妹相比)获得了相同的结果 她们自己的母亲和无关的母亲的情感反应，(B)照顾者 有特殊归因模式的人对“困难”的反应更强 儿童行为，以及(C)“困难”儿童行为更有可能是 由成人沟通模式维持，其特点是消极(或 “不真诚的”/不常见的积极的)影响。等价性的证明 人工合成和自然家族中的序列将允许进行因果推断 是关于交易关系的。

The proposed research applies a transactional model of family interaction to caregiving systems involving children who are a high risk for physical abuse. The general model predicts that social-emotional features of adult-child interaction are (a) moderated by social attributions, and (b) mediated by particular verbal and nonverbal communication patterns. Past test of the model focused upon caregiver expressions of power as cause and consequence of "difficult" child behavior. The present research focuses on caregiver expression of affect as both cause and consequence of "difficult" child behavior. Abusive family systems are predicted to involve (a) aversive child behavior, (b) parental attributions involving low "credit to self" for caregiving success and high "blame to child" for caregiving failure, and (c) caregiver communication pattern characterized by high negative affect and infrequent or insincere positive affect. Negative affect is predicted to be manifested most clearly in high "leakage" communicaton components, e.g., tone of voice, brief facial displays. Caregiver manifestations of positive affect are expected to be accompanied by cues as to their "managed" nature, e.g., smiles that have unusually brief offset times, simultaneous "leakage" of powerlessness in a second communication channel. Hypotheses will be tested in both natural and synthetic families. In families at high risk for material child abuse (N = 40), the mother will be sequentially videotaped interacting with a child she targets for abuse and a sibling she is less likely to target. All sibling pairs will also be videotaped interacting with unrelated mothers. These companion investigations will allow us to determine the extent to which (a) targeted children (in comparison with their non-targeted siblings) elicit equivalent affective responses from their own and unrelated mothers, (b) caregivers who have particular attributional patterns are more reactive to "difficult" child behavior, and (c) "difficult" child behavior is more likely to be maintained by adult communication patterns characterized by negative (or "insincere"/infrequent positive) affect. Demonstration of equivalent sequences in synthetic and natural families will allow causal inferences to be drawn concerning transactional relationships.