INFANTS' EMOTION EXPRESSION STYLES AND LATER COMPETENCE

该项目的主要目标是 (1) 描绘发展 情绪积极和积极的情绪表达模式的过程 负面的母亲/婴儿互动并评估这些之间的关系 情绪表达变量来衡量人格/气质特征， (2) 确定婴儿辨别能力或能力的个体发育 对母亲的喜、怒、怒的表情有不同的反应 悲伤，（3）检查婴儿模仿、学习或表演的能力 母亲/婴儿互动后的认知/精神运动任务 以母亲的兴趣/喜悦、愤怒和悲伤的表达为特征， (4) 研究选定的生理伴随物的发育变化 婴儿在以母亲为特征的互动中的情绪表达 喜悦、悲伤和愤怒的表达，以及 (5) 评估早期情绪 表达变量、认知/精神运动表现测量（获得 在积极和消极的情绪条件下），以及模式 生理反应作为社交、情感和认知的预测因素 以后几年的能力。 情绪表达是用 Izard 来衡量的 面部运动编码和影响识别系统（Max 和 Affex）， 认知能力的衡量标准改编自 Kagan (1978) 和 Uzgiris 以及 Hunt (1975)，罗斯巴特婴儿行为的婴儿气质 问卷调查，杰克逊人格研究表的母亲人格， 安斯沃斯系统的依恋质量和后来的方法能力 由 Block and Block、Sroufe 等公司开发。 拟议的研究 将尝试重申并扩展我们之前关于稳定性的发现 以及早期情绪表达变量的意义。 明显新颖的 本提案的主题包括针对以下问题而进行的发展变革： 母亲的悲伤和愤怒的表情，歧视的本体发生 动态母亲/婴儿的这两种重要的负面情绪 相互作用，轻微压力的影响（悲伤/愤怒情绪 表达）对婴儿认知/精神运动功能的影响， 婴儿情绪表达的心理生理学及其分析 婴儿在积极和消极母亲/婴儿期间的生理反应 互动，以及使用与压力相关的绩效衡量标准和 预测后期能力的生理反应模式。 婴儿情绪变量在预测中的有效性的证据 后期能力将对早期发现产生重大影响 和预防心理健康问题。

The principal aims of this project are to (1) delineate the developmental course of patterns of emotion expressions in affectively positive and negative mother/infant interactions and to assess the relationship of these emotion expression variables to measures of personality/temperament traits, (2) determine the ontogeny of the infant's ability to discriminate or respond differentially to the mother's expressions of joy, anger, and sadness, (3) examine the infant's ability to imitate, learn or perform cognitive/psychomotor tasks following mother/infant interactions characterized by mother's expressions of interest/joy, anger, and sadness, (4) study the developmental changes in selected physiological concomitants of infant emotion expressions in interactions characterized by mother's expressions of joy, sadness, and anger, and (5) evaluate early emotion expression variables, cognitive/psychomotor performance measures (obtained during positive and negative emotion conditions), and patterns of physiological responses as predictors of social, emotional, and cognitive competence in later years. Emotion expressions are measured by Izard's facial movement coding and affect identification systems (Max and Affex), cognitive capacities by measures adapted from Kagan (1978) and Uzgiris and Hunt (1975), infant temperament by Rothbart's Infant Behavior Questionnaire, Mothers Personality by Jackson Personality Research Form, Quality of Attachment by Ainsworth's system and later competence by methods developed by Block and Block, Sroufe, and others. The proposed research will attempt to reaffirm and extend our previous findings on the stability and significance of early emotion expression variables. The distinctly new themes of the present proposal include developmental changes in response to mother's sadness and anger expressions, the ontogeny of discrimination of these two important negative emotions in dynamic mother/infant interactions, the effects of mild stress (sadness/anger emotion expressions) on infant's cognitive/psychomotor functioning, the psychophysiology of infant's emotion expressions, and the analysis of infant's physiological responses during positive and negative mother/infant interactions, and the use of stress-related performance measures and patterns of physiological responses in the prediction of later competence. Evidence for the effectiveness of infant emotion variables in predicting later competence will have significant implications for the early detection and prevention of mental health problems.