DEVELOP OF SKILL IN SPEECH PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION

这里提出的8个实验考察了技能发展的本质。 通过比较在英语语音的产生和感知中的作用 预期总体技能水平不同的受试者组：儿童和 以英语为母语的成年人和将英语作为外语学习的成年人 语言。需要检验的主要假设是语音 由于经验的原因，表示法变得越来越适应。这 应该以多种方式揭示。感性的分析应该揭示 有经验的演说者比没有经验的演说者补偿得更好 用于实验性牙修复体的存在，并适应更多 成功地完成了咬合块，使下巴在说话过程中不能移动。 成年人应该更好地适应/补偿正常的变化 在产生母语元音时声道的构型 陌生的外语元音。更大的嘴唇闭合速度 英语/p/Than/b/在咬合时应该保存得更好 以很快的速度发出的讲话。有经验的谈话者也应该更多 擅长用扩腔手势制造/b/(用于 持续发声)在各种情况下。 我们预测，协同发音的领域将随着 经验。有经验的说话者应该降低音量(这是一种必要的手势 比经验较少的说话者更早说出，如“Tom”中的/m/。 在元音的产生上，我们期望观察到更早的，也许更大的， 元音后移对舌形的影响。与声音一起体验 使用一种特定的方言应该会增加感知的适应性 如果人类继续学习声音的听觉特性 时间，他们可以简单地识别语音信息。我们预测成年人 将更多种类的自然产生的/t/变体识别为/t/， 并且能够更好地检测那些落入 他们母语的“原型”范围。不同性别的成年人 语言背景应该喜欢不同的/t/变体，但他们应该 所有这些都显示出比孩子们更窄的偏好范围。

The 8 experiments proposed here investigate the nature of skill development in the production and perception of English speech sounds by comparing subject groups expected to differ in overall level of skill: child and adult native English speakers, and adults learning English as a foreign language. The major hypothesis to be tested is that phonetic representations become increasingly adaptive due to experience. This should be revealed in a variety of ways. Perceptual analyses should reveal that experienced talkers compensate better than less experienced talkers for the presence of an experimental dental prosthesis, and adapt more successfully for a bite-block rendering the jaw immobile during speech. Adults should adapt/compensate better for alterations of the normal configuration of the vocal tract when producing native-language vowels than unfamiliar, foreign-language vowels. The greater lip closing velocity of English /p/ than /b/ should be preserved better in bite block speech and speech produced at fast rates. Experienced talkers should also be more adept at producing /b/ with a cavity expanding gesture (useful for sustaining voicing) in a variety of circumstances. We predict that the domain of coarticulation will increase with experience. Experienced talkers should lower the velum (a gesture needed to produced, e.g., the /m/ in "Tom") sooner than less experienced talkers. In vowel producing we expect to observe an earlier, and perhaps greater, influence of following vowels on tongue shape. Experience with the sounds of a specific dialect should lead to increased adaptiveness in perception if humans continue learning the auditory properties of sounds beyond the time they can simply recognize spoken messages. We predict that adults will recognize a larger variety of naturally produced /t/ variants as /t/, and be better able to detect those variant falling outside the "prototypical" range of their native language. Adults of different language backgrounds should prefer different /t/ variants, yet they should all reveal a narrower range of preferences than children.