NON-STANDARD MODELS FOR STUDY OF COGNITIVE ERPS

我们将继续研究非哺乳动物物种的证据， 事件相关电位（ERP）的刺激模式下， 引起人类的认知事件（思想）和波动。 某些物种 将使用许多记录半微电极进行测试， 或在大脑中。 刺激情况包括（i）在一个 单调的系列，（ii）“古怪”的刺激，在这样一个低概率 系列，包括具有生态学意义的系列，（三） （四）“错配”刺激，与上述重叠，（四）加强 用于条件负变（CNV）和判别分析的范例 P300样波，和（v）有利的物种，量身定制，以他们的 行为学，预期序列的不协调终止，如鸟 叫声和正常的有轻微的变化 对于所发现的每一种波，要检查的变量是 (a)各种刺激条件下的形式、极性和时程， (b)刺激重复和时间的动态变化 模式，（c）大脑各部分之间的分布，包括皮质下 和脑干水平和视网膜，（d）门之间的分布， 动物纲，尤其包括板鳃类、硬骨鱼和 爬行动物，但也头足类动物和鸟类，（e）行为和大脑 选择变量来估计波浪对 状态变化（内源性）。 寻找、验证和表征低等物种中的模式物种 动物被认为是评估行为的必要前提 和认知意义的ERP和未来的使用较低的物种 用于分析生理学、解剖学和药理学。

We will continue to examine nonmammalian species for evidence of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) under the paradigms of stimulation that cause cognitive events (thoughts) and waves in humans. Selected species will be tested with many recording semimicroelectrodes chronically placed on or in the brain. Stimulus situations include (i) omitted stimuli in a monotonous series, (ii) "oddball' stimuli of low probability in such a series, including ethologically significant ones, (iii) "mismatch" stimuli, overlapping with the foregoing, (iv) reinforced paradigms used for Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and discriminant P300-like waves, and (v) for favorable species, tailored to their ethology, incongruous termination of an expected sequence such as bird calls slightly altered from the normal. The variables to be examined, for each of the waves discovered are (a) the form, polarity and time course under various stimulus conditions, (b) alterations in dynamics with stimulus repetition and temporal pattern, (c) distribution among parts of the brain, including subcortical and brainstem levels and the retina, (d) distribution among phyla and classes of animals, including especially elasmobranchs, teleost fish and reptiles, but also cephalopods and birds, (e) behavioral and brain variables chosen to estimate the degree to which waves are sensitive to changes in state (endogenic). Finding, validating and characterizing model species among lower animals is regarded as a necessary antecedent to assessing the behavioral and cognitive significance of ERPs and to the future use of lower species for analytical physiology, anatomy and pharmacology of these waves.