NON-STANDARD MODELS FOR STUDY OF COGNITIVE ERPS

将在非哺乳动物类群和哺乳动物中寻找模型 除了标准的实验室物种， 认知事件相关电位（ERPs） 选择的物种 鱼类、两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类和某些哺乳动物（例如， 海豚、蝙蝠、负鼠）将用半微电极进行测试 长期放置在大脑上或大脑中。 主要问题是：（一） 认知事件相关电位在类和物种之间的分布：它们是 广泛分布的或高等分类群特有的（例如哺乳动物或啮齿动物 或四足动物）或一个纲内的特定群体（如海豚 但不是蝙蝠，鹦鹉，但不是鸽子）？ (ii)表征 如何通过操纵情境来改变反应， 包括目标刺激的概率，以及注意力或 主题的状态。 大脑的某些部分将在 有利的物种 刺激情况将包括（i）人工刺激和自然刺激， 行为学上显著的刺激，（ii）单调的缺失刺激 系列，（iii）发生率低于10%的“古怪”刺激， 与系列中的常见刺激任意不同，（iv） 具有行为学价值的古怪刺激，例如猎物的视觉模型， 声音调用略有不同，从别人，（五）加强范式 对于CNV和判别性P300样波，和（vi）在有利的 物种，适合他们的行为学，不协调的终止， 正常的预期序列 将尝试进行中试实验， 在有利的物种的反应，对认知水平的分级 需求 如果简单的判别学习标准表明， ERP可以用来对学习进行评分，代替公开的行为， 我们将尝试ERP作为记忆，概括， 概念学习、对模糊线索的容忍度或逆转 学习，看看ERP是否可以帮助评估认知 物种之间的等级。 将尝试在 药物对有利物种的影响。 三年之内 项目，这一段的大部分内容可能只会被代表 通过试验，评估可行性。 寻找、验证和表征低等物种中的模式物种 脊椎动物和非标准哺乳动物被认为是必要的 在评估行为和认知意义之前， 和未来使用较低的物种进行分析 生理学、解剖学和药理学。

Models will be sought among non-mammalian taxa and mammals other than standard laboratory species which show some evidence of cognitive Event Related Potentials (ERPs). Selected species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and certain mammals (e.g. dolphins, bats, opossums) will be tested with semimicroelectrodes chronically placed on or in the brain. Main issues are: (i) The distribution of cognitive ERPs among classes and species: are they widespread or peculiar to higher taxa (e.g. mammals or amniotes or tetrapods) or to particular groups within a class (e.g. dolphins but not bats, parrots but not pigeons)? (ii) The characterization of responses: how are they altered by manipulating the situation, including probability of the target stimulus, and the attention or state of the subject. Parts of the brain will be explored in favorable species. Stimulus situations will include (i) artificial stimuli and natural, ethologically significant stimuli, (ii) missing stimuli in monotonous series, (iii) "oddball" stimuli of less than 10% incidence, arbitrarily different from the common stimuli in the series, (iv) oddball stimuli with ethological value, e.g. visual models of prey, vocal calls slightly different from others, (v) reinforced paradigms for CNV and discriminant P300-like waves, and (vi) in favorable species, tailored to their ethology, incongruous termination of a normal, expected sequence. Pilot experiments will be attempted, given suitable endogenous responses in favorable species, on graded levels of cognitive demand. If simple discrimination learning to criterion shows that ERPs can be used to score the learning, in lieu of overt behavior, we will try ERPs as a measure of retention, generalization, concept learning, tolerance of ambiguous cues, or reversal learning, to see whether ERPs can aid in evaluating cognitive grade among species. Pilot experiments will be attempted on the effects of drugs on favorable species. Within a three year project, much of this paragraph will probably be represented only by test experiments, to assess feasibility. Finding, validating and characterizing model species among lower vertebrates and non-standard mammals is regarded as a necessary antecedent to assessing the behavioral and cognitive significance of ERPs and to the future use of lower species for analytic physiology, anatomy and pharmacology of these waves.