NON-STANDARD MODELS FOR STUDY OF COGNITIVE ERPS

将在非哺乳动物类群和哺乳动物中寻找模式 除了显示出一些证据的标准实验室物种 认知事件相关电位(ERPs)。精选物种 鱼、两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类和某些哺乳动物(例如 海豚、蝙蝠、负鼠)将用半微电极进行测试 长期放置在大脑上或在大脑中。主要问题是：(I) 认知事件相关电位在阶级和物种中的分布：它们是 广泛分布或高等分类群特有的(如哺乳动物或羊膜动物 或四足动物)或某一类内的特定群体(例如海豚 但不是蝙蝠、鹦鹉而不是鸽子)？(二)人物塑造 反应：它们是如何通过操纵情况来改变的， 包括目标刺激的概率，以及注意力或 主体的状态。大脑的某些部分将在 有利的物种。 刺激情况将包括(I)人工刺激和自然刺激， 在行为学上有意义的刺激，(Ii)单调的缺失刺激 系列，(Iii)发生率低于10%的“古怪”刺激， 与系列中的常见刺激任意不同，(Iv) 具有行为学价值的古怪刺激，例如猎物的视觉模型， 声乐叫声略有不同，(V)强化范式 对于CNV和判别类P300波，以及(Vi)在有利 物种，为它们的行为学量身定做，不协调的终止 正常的、预期的序列。 在适当的内源条件下，将尝试进行中试试验 对有利物种的反应，对认知水平的分级 需求。如果简单的辨别学习标准表明 事件相关电位可以用来对学习进行评分，而不是公开的行为， 我们将尝试将ERPS作为留存、推广、 概念学习、容忍模棱两可的暗示或颠倒 学习，看看事件相关电位是否有助于评估认知能力 物种之间的等级。试点试验将在 药物对有利物种的影响。在三年内 项目中，本段的大部分内容可能仅代表 通过测试实验，评估其可行性。 发现、验证和表征低等生物中的模式物种 脊椎动物和非标准哺乳动物被认为是必要的 评估行为和认知意义的前置因素 以及低等物种未来用于分析的可能性 这些波的生理学、解剖学和药理学。

Models will be sought among non-mammalian taxa and mammals other than standard laboratory species which show some evidence of cognitive Event Related Potentials (ERPs). Selected species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and certain mammals (e.g. dolphins, bats, opossums) will be tested with semimicroelectrodes chronically placed on or in the brain. Main issues are: (i) The distribution of cognitive ERPs among classes and species: are they widespread or peculiar to higher taxa (e.g. mammals or amniotes or tetrapods) or to particular groups within a class (e.g. dolphins but not bats, parrots but not pigeons)? (ii) The characterization of responses: how are they altered by manipulating the situation, including probability of the target stimulus, and the attention or state of the subject. Parts of the brain will be explored in favorable species. Stimulus situations will include (i) artificial stimuli and natural, ethologically significant stimuli, (ii) missing stimuli in monotonous series, (iii) "oddball" stimuli of less than 10% incidence, arbitrarily different from the common stimuli in the series, (iv) oddball stimuli with ethological value, e.g. visual models of prey, vocal calls slightly different from others, (v) reinforced paradigms for CNV and discriminant P300-like waves, and (vi) in favorable species, tailored to their ethology, incongruous termination of a normal, expected sequence. Pilot experiments will be attempted, given suitable endogenous responses in favorable species, on graded levels of cognitive demand. If simple discrimination learning to criterion shows that ERPs can be used to score the learning, in lieu of overt behavior, we will try ERPs as a measure of retention, generalization, concept learning, tolerance of ambiguous cues, or reversal learning, to see whether ERPs can aid in evaluating cognitive grade among species. Pilot experiments will be attempted on the effects of drugs on favorable species. Within a three year project, much of this paragraph will probably be represented only by test experiments, to assess feasibility. Finding, validating and characterizing model species among lower vertebrates and non-standard mammals is regarded as a necessary antecedent to assessing the behavioral and cognitive significance of ERPs and to the future use of lower species for analytic physiology, anatomy and pharmacology of these waves.