VERBAL OVERSHADOWING OF NON-VERBAL MEMORIES

言语掩盖非言语记忆

• 批准号: 3475191
• 负责人: JONATHAN W SCHOOLER
• 金额: $ 9.27万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1990
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1990-08-01 至 1995-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3475191
• 关键词: memory; social perception; verbal behavior; verbal conditioning

The long term objective of this research program is to determine how, why, and when verbal recall of a perceptual experience can impair memory. The proposed research will explore the hypothesis that this type of interference, termed verbal overshadowing, results from interference between two global memory components: a verbal, featural, conceptual, component and a perceptual, holistic, familiarity component. The basic approach for testing this hypothesis will be to explore whether verbalization of perceptual memories causes the recognition mechanism to shift its emphasis from the information and processes hypothesized to be associated with the perceptual component to those of the verbal component. The first set of experiments will use communication accuracy measures and visual and verbal concurrent interference tasks to explore the hypothesis that verbalizing a previously encountered face or color causes the recognition process to emphasize the verbal component at the expense of the perceptual component. The second set of experiments will test the hypothesis that reliance on the hypothesized verbal component results in a deemphasis on configural information and holistic processing. This hypothesis predicts that when configural information is very important for example when a face changes in orientation between encoding and test, that verbalization may be quite disruptive. However, when configural information is not involved in recognition, as is the case for inverted faces, then verbalization should be benign and possibly beneficial. The third set of experiments will explore the differential time course of the two memory components suggested by the fact that verbal overshadowing is alleviated when subjects are forced to make quick recognition decisions. The fourth set of experiments will explore the generality of verbal overshadowing to: odor, music, abstract shapes, and affective decisions. In later years, additional research will further flesh out the verbal overshadowing mechanisms by: 1) examining its correspondence to laterality differences, 2) exploring whether the counter-phenomena of "visual overshadowing" occurs, and 3) determining the relationship between verbal overshadowing and the development of verbal and non-verbal expertise. This research is directly relevant to literatures on dual codes, two stage recognition theories, holistic/analytic processing distinctions, laterality differences, and research investigating the verbal mediation of memory. It also has implied implications to the areas of eyewitness testimony, instructional development, and to mental health settings in which patients may be either instructed or abnormally inclined to verbalize their experiences.

该研究计划的长期目标是确定如何、为什么、 当口头回忆感知经历会损害记忆时。 这 拟议的研究将探讨这种类型的假设 干扰，称为言语遮蔽，是干扰的结果 两个全局记忆成分之间：言语、特征、概念、 成分和感知的、整体的、熟悉的成分。 基本的 检验这一假设的方法将是探索是否 知觉记忆的语言化导致识别机制 将其重点从假设的信息和过程转移 与知觉成分和言语成分相关联。 第一组实验将使用通信准确性测量和 视觉和语言并发干扰任务来探索假设 用语言描述以前遇到过的面孔或颜色会导致 识别过程强调言语成分，但牺牲了言语成分 知觉成分。 第二组实验将测试 假设依赖假设的言语成分会导致 不强调配置信息和整体处理。 这 假设预测当配置信息对于 例如，当人脸在编码和测试之间改变方向时， 言语表达可能会造成很大的破坏。 然而，当配置 信息不参与识别，就像倒置的情况一样 脸，那么言语应该是良性的并且可能是有益的。 这 第三组实验将探索不同的时间过程 言语掩盖这一事实暗示了两个记忆成分 当受试者被迫做出快速识别决定时，情况会有所缓解。 第四组实验将探讨言语的普遍性 掩盖的是：气味、音乐、抽象形状和情感决定。 在接下来的几年里，更多的研究将进一步充实语言 通过以下方式掩盖机制：1）检查其与偏侧性的对应关系 差异，2）探讨“视觉”的反现象是否存在 遮蔽”发生，并且3）确定言语之间的关系 掩盖以及语言和非语言专业知识的发展。 这项研究与双码、两阶段的文献直接相关 识别理论、整体/分析处理差异、偏侧性 差异，以及调查记忆的言语中介的研究。 它 对目击者证词领域也有隐含的影响， 教学发展以及患者所在的心理健康环境 可能被指示或异常倾向于用语言表达他们的 经验。