InfruTreeCity: Understanding Infrared radiative performance of urban trees for better future city

城市绿色空间和树木对人们的健康、热舒适、减少污染和噪音、可持续的城市排水和碳固存具有实质性的有益影响。本研究的重点是城市树木的辐射热性能，在夏季热舒适和冷却能源消耗的背景下，城镇和城市，受到越来越多的热应力下预计的气候变化。树木和绿色空间提供显着的冷却效益，从而有助于在城镇和城市创造舒适的微气候。它们在改善城市热岛效应方面也是有效的，尽管程度较低。被树木遮蔽的建筑物可减少25-50%的冷却负荷，通常不需要能源密集型机械冷却。由于缺乏基本的见解和定量信息，建筑设计师和城市规划师在城市环境中有效利用树木和绿色空间受到阻碍。人们发现，不同树种的树冠表面温度相差高达9摄氏度。为城市种植计划选择正确的树种对于最大限度地发挥其降温效果至关重要，但目前还没有系统的信息。另一个障碍是缺乏综合的多学科方法来调查城市树木的热性能，其中一棵树或一组树被视为“黑匣子”，即，没有考虑基本的物理和（植物）生理过程，也没有考虑城市环境对这些过程的影响。因此，这些结果对其他城市环境的适用性有限。至关重要的是，红外辐射占到达地球的太阳辐射的50%以上，在以前的研究中基本上没有考虑。拟议的研究旨在通过调查城市树木与建筑环境的相互作用来克服这些障碍，重点是红外辐射能量交换，并在预防城市夏季过热的背景下。具体目标包括：-首次量化选定的常见城市树木的辐射和其他冷却机制，采用多学科方法，将建筑和气候物理学与植物生理学结合起来，解决辐射能量交换、树木生理过程、城市建筑形式和材料以及树木形式和物种的影响;-为建筑/景观设计师和城市规划者提供指导，以有效地将树木纳入城镇和城市，包括树种选择和适当的城市形式和建筑材料;- 开发一个在线演示工具，以便快速获取和有效利用工作产生的结果和指导。

Urban green spaces and trees have substantial beneficial effects on people's health, thermal comfort, pollution and noise reduction, sustainable urban drainage and carbon sequestration. The proposed research focuses on the radiative thermal performance of urban trees in the context of summer thermal comfort and cooling energy consumption in towns and cities that are subject to increasing heat stress under projected climate change.Trees and green spaces offer significant cooling benefits, thereby helping to create comfortable micro-climates in towns and cities. They are also effective, though to a lesser extent, in ameliorating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Buildings shaded by trees experience 25-50% reduction of cooling load, often removing the need for energy intensive mechanical cooling. The effective use of trees and green spaces in urban environments by building designers and urban planners has been impeded by the lack of fundamental insights and quantitative information. It has been found that tree species differ by up to 9C in their canopy surface temperatures. Choosing the right tree species for urban planting schemes is critical for maximizing their cooling effects, but systematic information is currently not available. A further obstacle is the lack of an integrated multidisciplinary approach to the investigation of thermal performance of urban trees, where a tree or a group of trees were treated as a 'black box' , i.e., without consideration of the fundamental physical and (plant) physiological processes, nor the influence of the urban environment on these processes. The results thus have limited applicability to other urban settings. Crucially, the consideration of infrared radiation, which accounts for over 50% of the solar radiation reaching the Earth, is largely missing in previous investigations. The proposed study aims to overcome these obstacles by investigating urban tree - built environment interactions, focusing on infrared radiative energy exchange, and in the context of prevention of summer overheating in cities. Specific objectives include:- quantify, for the first time, radiative and other cooling mechanisms of selected common urban trees based on a multidisciplinary approach that integrates building and climate physics with plant physiology, addressing radiative energy exchange, tree physiological processes, urban built forms and materials and the influences of tree forms and species;- provide guidance to building / landscape designers and urban planners for effective integration of trees in towns and cities including tree species selection and appropriate urban form and building materials; - develop an online presentation tool to allow rapid access to and effective utilisation of the results and guidance generated from the work.