Serial Hybrid Kinetic Energy Storage Systems - SHyKESS

串联混合动能存储系统 - ShyKESS

• 批准号: EP/R001251/1
• 负责人: Seamus Garvey
• 金额: $ 25.64万
• 依托单位: University of Nottingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FR001251%2F1
• 关键词: Serial; Hybrid; Kinetic; Energy; Storage

This proposal is about energy storage of a very specific kind to support the electricity grid. The case for energy storage is extremely strong at the moment as we decarbonise electricity generation. The world has reached the very interesting point where the cheapest electricity actually comes from wind and sunshine but these generation forms unfortunately produce electricity only when the primary resource is available - i.e. wind turbines make electricity only when the wind blows and (most) solar power can only make electricity when the sun is shining. So long as these renewables comprise only a small proportion of all of our generation, the intermittency of wind and solar power is no problem at all - because we can control the generation being obtained from coal-fired and gas-fired power stations. However, if we are to generate high fractions of all of our electricity from renewables, we will need to be able to store large amounts of energy. Now, there are many different ways to store energy. No one form is a solution for all of our needs. Energy storage has to developed to be suitable over a large range of timescales and a large range of sizes. Each system being developed has its own particular set of advantages and disadvantages. Cost is extremely important in all cases: energy storage is extremely expensive. Most people do not realise that even with the best commercial offerings at present, the ratio between the cost of an energy store and the value of the energy that it contains is typically 1000:1. Lifetime is also extremely important. If a given energy store has a lifetime that is only, say, 5000 cycles, then that energy store must be replaced after 5000 cycles and the cost that it will add to the energy that has passed through it will typically be ~20% on this basis. Turnaround efficiency is also important, if you lose 20% of all of the energy that comes into the store, this adds a further cost that could be anything up to 20% (but would usually be more like 10% because the input energy is usually much less valuable than the output).This proposal sets out to examine a system that appears to offer energy storage over a range of timescales between milli-seconds and tens of hours. The system comprises two distinct energy stores connected in a "serial" fashion in the sense that there is only one output to the grid. One of these energy stores is a very large flywheel. The second is typically a compressed air store but it may also be a high-head pumped hydro store or a pumped-thermal store or an energy store based on liquefied air. The connection to the grid is via a large synchronous generator. These systems are suitable only at medium-to-large scale - powers above 50MW and energy storage capacities in the order of 250MWh and above. They are not suited for urban locations. For those (many) situations where they are suited, these systems appear to offer the potential for extremely high performance at very competitive costs. Most importantly and also most distinctively, the combination of the flywheel and the rotor of a synchronous machine endows these stores with substantial amounts of "real inertia". Inertia sounds like a bad thing but in the context of electrical power systems it is an extremely good thing and it is present in all of the spinning rotors in steam-turbine-driven power generation. As we move away from generation using coal, oil and gas, we are switching off these big rotating generators and we are losing inertia that was previously present as a free service. With lower inertia, the system responds more suddenly to changes in load or generation. If we allow too much inertia to disappear from our electricity system, we become very vulnerable to uncontrolled system shutdowns from either unexpected weather fluctuations, glitches in communications networks or from mischievous cyber-attacks which can use the system sensitivity to trigger disproportionately large events from relatively small actions.

这个提议是关于一种非常特殊的能量储存来支持电网。由于我们正在使发电脱碳，目前储能的理由非常充分。世界已经达到了一个非常有趣的地步，最便宜的电力实际上来自风能和太阳能，但不幸的是，这些发电形式只有在主要资源可用时才能发电，即风力涡轮机只有在风吹的时候才能发电，而（大多数）太阳能只能在阳光明媚的时候发电。只要这些可再生能源只占我们发电总量的一小部分，风能和太阳能的间歇性就完全不是问题——因为我们可以控制燃煤和燃气发电站的发电量。然而，如果我们要用可再生能源生产大部分电力，我们就需要能够储存大量的能源。现在，有许多不同的方式来储存能量。没有一种形式能满足我们所有的需求。储能必须发展到适合大范围的时间尺度和大范围的尺寸。每个正在开发的系统都有其特定的优点和缺点。在任何情况下，成本都是极其重要的：能源储存极其昂贵。大多数人没有意识到，即使是目前最好的商业产品，一个储能系统的成本和它所包含的能量的价值之间的比率通常是1000:1。寿命也非常重要。如果一个给定的储能系统的使用寿命只有5000次循环，那么该储能系统必须在5000次循环后更换，而它所增加的能量成本通常在此基础上约为20%。周转效率也很重要，如果你损失了所有进入商店的能量的20%，这将进一步增加高达20%的成本（但通常更像是10%，因为输入能量通常比输出能量价值低得多）。该提案旨在研究一种系统，该系统似乎可以在毫秒到数十小时的时间尺度范围内提供能量存储。该系统由两个不同的能量存储组成，以“串行”方式连接，也就是说只有一个输出到电网。其中一个能量储存是一个非常大的飞轮。第二个是典型的压缩空气存储，但它也可能是一个高水头抽水蓄能或抽水蓄能或基于液化空气的能源存储。与电网的连接是通过一个大型同步发电机。这些系统只适用于中大型——功率在50MW以上，储能容量在250MWh以上。它们不适合在城市中使用。对于那些（许多）适合它们的情况，这些系统似乎以极具竞争力的成本提供了极高性能的潜力。最重要也是最独特的是，飞轮和同步机转子的组合赋予了这些商店大量的“真正的惯性”。惯性听起来像是一件坏事，但在电力系统的背景下，它是一件非常好的事情，它存在于蒸汽涡轮机驱动发电的所有旋转转子中。当我们不再使用煤炭、石油和天然气发电时，我们正在关闭这些大型旋转发电机，我们正在失去以前作为免费服务存在的惯性。由于惯性较低，系统对负载或发电量的变化反应更突然。如果我们让太多的惯性从电力系统中消失，我们就会变得非常容易受到无法控制的系统关闭的影响，无论是意外的天气波动，通信网络故障，还是恶意的网络攻击，这些攻击可以利用系统的敏感性从相对较小的动作触发不成比例的大事件。

项目成果

A case study investigation into the risk of fatigue in synchronous flywheel energy stores and ramifications for the design of inertia replacement systems

• DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102651
• 发表时间: 2021-07
• 期刊: Journal of Energy Storage
• 影响因子: 9.4
• 作者: J. Rouse;S. Garvey;B. Cárdenas;A. Hoskin;L. Swinfen-Styles;W. Xu

On the Costs of Grid Inertia

• DOI: 10.1109/oses.2019.8867342
• 发表时间: 2019-07
• 期刊: 2019 Offshore Energy and Storage Summit (OSES)
• 作者: A. Hoskin;S. Garvey;J. Rouse;B. Cárdenas

Enabling Cold Compressed Air Energy Storage through Pressure Vessel Manufacture with Autofrettage

• DOI: 10.1109/oses.2019.8867162
• 发表时间: 2019-07
• 期刊: 2019 Offshore Energy and Storage Summit (OSES)
• 作者: J. Rouse;S. Garvey;B. Cárdenas;A. Hoskin;W. Xu