Why do some types of biotic change produce predictable ecological, evolutionary and life history strategy change?

我该怎么办呢？确定以下原因的原因：(1)黄石生态系统物种相互作用网络的生态变化；(2)特立尼达淡水溪流物种相互作用网络中观察到的20-30代物种相互作用网络的生态和微观进化变化；(3)银眼鸟（雀鸟）的宏观进化变化，它们在修改和适应它们成为其中一部分的岛屿物种相互作用网络之前，反复从澳大利亚大陆殖民海洋岛屿。在解决这些系统特定的问题时，我将产生关于生态、微观和宏观进化后果的一般新理论。我为什么要这么做？在全球范围内，捕食方式正在发生变化。他们也被认为产生了在我的每个系统中看到的模式。更一般地说，它们被认为对生态和进化变化的惊人模式负责，如营养级联、水生生态系统中的快速生活史和表型特征适应，以及宏观进化模式，如岛屿规则。然而，尽管这种动态是普遍存在的，但它们并不是普遍存在的，这就产生了对捕食制度变化后果的分歧。我该怎么做呢？在生态和进化的时间尺度上，不可能进行重复的实验来研究捕食制度的变化如何影响物种相互作用网络，因此需要一种替代方法。我选择我的研究系统是因为有大量的可用数据，这些数据将使我能够构建和参数化物种相互作用网络的复杂模拟。然后，我将使用一种高度创新的方法来简化模拟，以确定每个系统中捕食制度转变的作用，并创建关于捕食制度转变后果的一般新理论。

What am I going to do?Identify the causes of i) ecological changes in the species interaction network of the Yellowstone ecosystem, ii) ecological and micro-evolutionary changes in the species interaction networks of freshwater streams in Trinidad observed over 20-30 generations and iii) macro-evolutionary changes in silvereyes (passerine birds) that repeatedly colonise oceanic islands from the Australian mainland before modifying and adapting to the island species interaction networks they become part of. In addressing these system-specific questions I will generate general new theory into the ecological, micro-, and macro-evolutionary consequences of changes inpredation regime.Why am I going to do this?Changes in predation regime are occurring across the globe. They are also thought to have generated the patterns seen in each of my systems. More generally, they have been argued to be responsible for striking patterns of ecological and evolutionary change such as trophic cascades, rapid life history and phenotypic trait adaptation in aquatic ecosystems, and macro-evolutionary patterns such as the island rule. However, although such dynamics are widespread, they are not universal, and this has generated disagreement over the consequences of shifts in predation regime.How am I going to do this?It is impossible to run replicated experiments to investigate how a change in predation regime impacts species interaction networks across ecological and evolutionary timescales, so an alternative approach is required. I have selected my study systems because of the remarkable amounts of data available, and these data will allow me to construct and parameterise complex simulations of species interaction networks. I will then use a highly innovative approach to simplify the simulations to identify the role of a shift in predation regime in each system, and also create general, new, theory on the consequences of shifts in predation regime.