Energy Scarcity, Food Supply Chain Transformation, and Poverty Reduction in the Emerging Economies: the Case of Brazil, China, and India

新兴经济体的能源短缺、食品供应链转型和减贫：巴西、中国和印度的案例

• 批准号: ES/J017841/1
• 负责人: Kevin Chen
• 金额: $ 63.78万
• 依托单位: International Food Policy Research Institute
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FJ017841%2F1
• 关键词: Energy; Scarcity; Food; Supply; Chain

Rational. Three existing knowledge gaps motivate this study. First, there has been little research on linking energy, transformation, and poverty reduction in the developing countries. Second, there has been little research analyzing energy costs in the various segments of the food supply chains, differentiating over products, tracing both patterns in energy intensity by segment as well as the impacts of these costs on net incomes of actors. Third, there has been little empirical research empirically linking energy policy and public energy system investments with energy costs and performance in food supply chains in developing countries.Objectives. 1) to develop an integrated conceptual framework for modeling the relations among three interrelated factors, transformed versus traditional food supply chains; energy costs from electricity and fuel; and net incomes of supply chain participants and food prices; 2) to apply the framework to analyze horticulture and dairy supply chains in China, India, and Brazil, to assess how energy costs are generated and affect behavior in the segments of the supply chain and what the implications of these are for food costs to consumers and incomes to producers; and 3) to formulate policy pathways for moving towards more optimal energy use practices that contribute to supply chain development and reduction of poverty. Key Research Questions. What determines the patterns and formation of energy costs along the supply chains? How do these energy costs affect the transformation of the value chains? How do energy costs and access constraints condition small-scale actors' participation in transformed food value chains? How do energy costs in those chains impinge on the welfare of the poor? What are the patterns of energy use indicators of the value chains? Via what innovations do supply chain actors cope with energy costs and seek energy efficiency? How do technology changes used to improve access to transformed value chains translate into energy intensity and energy efficiency changes in the supply chain? What is the impact of energy policies and public investments on energy intensity and efficiency in those chains? What are the distributional and food price consequences of the above, and what are various scenarios? Is there a match or mismatch between energy policies and investments and "hot spots" in the supply chains' energy use? Do the policies lead to energy savings hence cost savings and competitiveness for the farms and firms? Data and Method. 1) Inventory per country the energy policies and public and private-sector investments related to energy costs and access for all segments of the value chains studied. 2) Inventory and "map" the different value chains for the two products, in two study provinces/states. 3) Collect detailed data in "stacked surveys", with a representative sample survey in each segment of the value chains, as well as supplemental case studies, as discussed above. 3) Analyze the data from all the segments of the value chain surveys. 5) Use the findings from step four, arrayed as parameters in simulations at different levels to model the impacts of energy policies and investments on energy costs, intensity, efficiency, and energy cost burdens of the poor. Output and Impact. Eight papers and four policy briefings will be prepared. The study will provide evidence base and analytical tools that facilitate policy makers and other decision makers to make more informed decisions and evaluate their alternative options with respect to energy use and management in agri-food system for the enhancement of its performance that are critical to the poor. Lessons learnt from the three emerging economies would have implications for the low income countries in the world. The ultimate beneficiary is the rural poor in the developing countries who engage in the agricultural sector and whose livelihoods depend on the performance of the agri-food system.

理性三个现有的知识差距激励这项研究。首先，很少有研究将发展中国家的能源、转型和减贫联系起来。其次，很少有研究分析食品供应链各个环节的能源成本，区分产品，按环节追踪能源密集度模式以及这些成本对行为者净收入的影响。第三，在发展中国家，很少有将能源政策和公共能源系统投资与能源成本和食品供应链绩效联系起来的实证研究。1)制定一个综合概念框架，用于模拟三个相互关联的因素之间的关系，即：改造后的粮食供应链与传统的粮食供应链;电力和燃料的能源成本;供应链参与者的净收入和粮食价格; 2）应用该框架分析中国、印度和巴西的园艺和乳制品供应链，评估能源成本是如何产生的，如何影响供应链各环节的行为，以及这些成本对消费者的食品成本和生产者的收入有何影响; 3）制定政策途径，以实现更优化的能源使用做法，促进供应链发展和减贫。关键研究问题。是什么决定了沿着供应链的能源成本的模式和形成？这些能源成本如何影响价值链的转变？能源成本和获取限制如何制约小规模行为者参与转变后的粮食价值链？这些供应链中的能源成本如何影响穷人的福利？价值链的能源使用模式指标是什么？供应链参与者通过哪些创新来科普能源成本并寻求能源效率？用于改善进入转型价值链的机会的技术变革如何转化为供应链中的能源强度和能源效率变化？能源政策和公共投资对这些供应链的能源密集度和效率有何影响？上述情况对分配和粮食价格有何影响，有哪些不同的情景？能源政策和投资与供应链能源使用的“热点”之间是否匹配或不匹配？这些政策是否导致能源节约，从而节省成本，提高农场和公司的竞争力？数据和方法。1)列出每个国家与所研究的价值链所有部分的能源成本和获取能源有关的能源政策以及公共和私营部门投资。2)在两个研究省/州，对两种产品的不同价值链进行盘点和“绘图”。3)在“叠加调查”中收集详细数据，对价值链的每一部分进行有代表性的抽样调查，并进行上文所述的补充案例研究。3)分析价值链调查中所有环节的数据。5)利用第四步的调查结果，在不同级别的模拟中作为参数排列，以模拟能源政策和投资对能源成本、强度、效率和穷人的能源成本负担的影响。产出和影响。将编写八份文件和四份政策简报。这项研究将提供证据基础和分析工具，帮助政策制定者和其他决策者作出更明智的决定，并评估他们在农业粮食系统能源使用和管理方面的替代方案，以提高对穷人至关重要的绩效。从这三个新兴经济体吸取的经验教训将对世界上的低收入国家产生影响。最终受益者是发展中国家从事农业部门的农村穷人，他们的生计取决于农业粮食系统的业绩。

项目成果

Energy use and rural poverty: empirical evidence from potato farmers in northern China

能源使用与农村贫困：来自中国北方马铃薯种植者的经验证据

• DOI: 10.1108/caer-02-2018-0040
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: China Agricultural Economic Review
• 影响因子: 5.1
• 作者: Li Z