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The influence of the human form on visual judgements of movement

人体形态对运动视觉判断的影响

基本信息

批准号：
ES/K006088/1
负责人：
George Mather
金额：
$ 36.56万
依托单位：
University of Lincoln
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FK006088%2F1
关键词：
influence human form visual judgements

项目摘要

Humans live in complex societies encompassing millions of people, so social interactions dominate much of human behaviour. These interactions depend on an ability to perceive the moods, intentions and actions of other people, and visual perception is especially important in terms of the richness of the information it can provide. Research has shown that 'actions speak louder than words'; perception of movement plays a fundamental role in many social interactions. This project investigates how human visual motion perception is optimised for perceiving the actions of other people.Psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists argue that the brain is divided into a set of anatomically distinct processing areas or modules. In the case of motion perception, primitive sensory qualities such as local direction and speed are thought to be processed in one part of the brain (mostly in the occipital lobe), and more complex social attributes such as posture, gait and dynamic facial expression are thought to be processed in another part (the temporal lobe). It is still not clear how the 'sensory' and 'social' processing modules interact. How are social attributes derived from sensory data? Do social attributes actually influence sensory processing? Answers to these general questions should have a major impact on our view of the brain as an organ which specialises in processing social interactions. The proposed research will address them by focusing on three specific issues.1. It has long been known that inspection of a simple moving pattern, such as stripes drifting in a particular direction, affects our ability to perceive movement in other patterns for a short while afterwards. Subsequently viewed stationary patterns are liable to appear as if in motion for a short while. This kind of adaptation is conventionally attributed to changes in sensory processing, but a recent study claims that sensory adaptation can also be mediated by socially meaningful information in the form of human body postures. Such an effect would indicate a new and highly significant form of interaction between the social and sensory processing modules. A series of experiments will investigate the extent to which static visual information conveyed by human body posture can modulate basic sensory processing of movement.2. The pace of other people's body movements and expressions during social interactions is crucial because it can indicate affective state, hostility and dishonesty. For example, a fast walking speed can indicate a high level of anxiety or aggression, while a slow walking speed can indicate the opposite. Very little is known about how the pace of natural human actions is estimated on the basis of visual information. It cannot be estimated in any straightforward way from the speed of movement in the images our eyes receive, because image motion varies dramatically with viewing distance. A series of experiments will investigate this issue by studying how visual estimates of the natural speed of body movements are affected by previous exposure to speeded-up or slowed-down human actions. These experiments will employ a novel perceptual effect.3. Social processing of visual information culminates in a perceptual decision. For example: Is that person walking quickly or slowly? Are they walking towards me or not? All perceptual decision-making must, by definition, involve two components; perceptual information, and a decision criterion according to which the information is classified as consistent with one response ("fast") or another ("slow"). Experiments on perception mostly fail to distinguish between these two contributions to perceptual decisions, but both may make a legitimate contribution to our understanding of how visual information mediates social interactions. The proposed research will employ experimental techniques to investigate the contributions of perceptual and decisional factors to the results.

人类生活在包含数百万人的复杂社会中，因此社会互动主导了人类的大部分行为。这些互动依赖于感知他人情绪、意图和行动的能力，而视觉感知就其所能提供的丰富信息而言尤为重要。研究表明，“行动胜于语言”;对运动的感知在许多社交互动中起着重要作用。该项目研究如何优化人类视觉运动感知以感知其他人的动作。心理学家和认知神经科学家认为，大脑分为一组解剖学上不同的处理区域或模块。在运动感知的情况下，原始的感觉品质，如局部方向和速度被认为是在大脑的一个部分（主要是在枕叶）中处理的，而更复杂的社会属性，如姿势，步态和动态面部表情被认为是在另一个部分（颞叶）中处理的。目前还不清楚“感觉”和“社会”处理模块如何相互作用。社会属性是如何从感官数据中推导出来的？社会属性真的会影响感觉加工吗？这些普遍性问题的答案应该会对我们将大脑视为专门处理社会互动的器官的观点产生重大影响。拟议的研究将通过集中于三个具体问题来解决这些问题。人们早就知道，观察一个简单的运动模式，比如朝特定方向漂移的条纹，会影响我们在一小段时间内感知其他模式的运动。随后观察到的静止图案很容易出现，好像在运动一小段时间。这种适应通常归因于感觉处理的变化，但最近的一项研究声称，感觉适应也可以通过人体姿势形式的社会意义信息来介导。这种效应表明，社交和感觉处理模块之间存在一种新的、非常重要的相互作用形式。一系列的实验将探讨人体姿势传递的静态视觉信息在多大程度上调节运动的基本感觉加工.在社会交往中，其他人的身体动作和表情的速度是至关重要的，因为它可以表明情感状态，敌意和不诚实。例如，快速步行速度可以指示高水平的焦虑或攻击性，而缓慢步行速度可以指示相反的情况。很少有人知道自然的人类行动的速度是如何估计的基础上的视觉信息。它不能以任何直接的方式从我们眼睛接收到的图像的运动速度中估计出来，因为图像运动会随着观看距离的变化而发生显着变化。一系列实验将通过研究对身体运动自然速度的视觉估计如何受到先前暴露于加速或减速的人类动作的影响来调查这个问题。这些实验将采用一种新的知觉效应。视觉信息的社会化处理最终导致了一个感性的决定。例如：那个人走得快还是慢？他们是不是朝我走过来了？根据定义，所有感知决策都必须包含两个部分：感知信息和决策标准，根据决策标准，信息被分类为与一种反应（“快”）或另一种反应（“慢”）一致。知觉实验大多无法区分这两种对知觉决策的贡献，但两者都可能对我们理解视觉信息如何介导社会互动做出合理的贡献。该研究将采用实验技术来研究知觉和决策因素对结果的贡献。