Counter-Piracy Governance: A Praxiographic Analysis

海盗又回到了世界政治的议事日程上。国际社会如何应对海盗行为？是什么让这个问题难以解决？本项目分析了国际社会对当代海盗行为的反应。特别是自2008年以来，为了应对索马里海盗，各种各样的行动者都参与了反海盗行动。行为体包括联合国安理会、北约、欧盟、国际海事组织（IMO），以及各种国家和地区安全与发展行为体。一套复杂的新机构和新论坛已经建立起来，形成了一个独特的关系网络，本项目将其描述为“正在建设中的全球安全治理安排”。在这个项目中，我想了解这种安排是如何工作的，为什么以及何时成功和失败。为此，我从政治学的角度对这一安排进行了第一次主要的系统分析。了解这一安排有助于并有望改善反海盗和海上安全领域的政策制定。然而，研究中发展的分析类型也有超出当前反盗版案例的含义。我借鉴并在理论和方法上进一步发展了一个相对较新的政治科学和国际关系的观点。它被称为“实践转向”或“国际实践理论”。这个视角将实践作为分析的核心单元。在这个项目中，我借鉴了实践理论，并使用了以放大和缩小策略为中心的实践方法论。在三个研究阶段中，我深入研究了四种反盗版治理过程（放大）以及参与者和网站之间的关系（缩小）。通过研究联合国联络小组，我在国际层面深入研究反海盗治理；通过调查东亚、东非和西非的倡议，我在区域层面深入研究反海盗治理。因此，该分析至少在三个方面对国际关系的研究议程做出了重大贡献。1)该项目开发了一个创新的折衷分析框架，以询问安全治理安排。这是一个折衷的框架，因为它旨在“展示在看似离散和不可调和的方法中构建的理论和叙事之间的实际相关性和实质性联系”（Sil和Katzenstein 2010:3）。我将不同的安全方法结合起来，这些方法通常被认为是相互排斥的。我依靠一种实践-理论的方法来做到这一点，这种方法有能力将这些结合起来。该项目开发了一个创新的框架，并推进了关于实践理论可以实现什么的辩论。2)该分析对安全研究中关于如何治理当代威胁的辩论很重要。围绕证券化理论框架的一个充满活力的议程已接近威胁的构建过程，如跨国有组织犯罪或艾滋病毒/艾滋病。一方面，该项目增加了对盗版的证券化讨论。但它也在两个主要方面扩展了讨论。它填补了当前专注于再现和建构的议程的盲点。注重实践也有助于注意诸如使用武力等行动的实际后果。对实践的关注也扩大了对问题构建的理解，将证券化置于一系列其他问题（如经济或人道主义问题）之中。3)该项目与新兴的跨学科盗版研究领域直接相关。许多盗版研究完全是政策导向的。其他人则关注海盗的行为或海盗行为的“根本原因”。该项目介入盗版研究，表明关注盗版的更广泛影响是很重要的。

Pirates are back on the agenda of world politics. How is the international community responding to piracy and what makes it so difficult to address the problem? This project analyses the international response to contemporary maritime piracy. Notably in response to Somali piracy a wide variety of actors has become engaged in counter-piracy since 2008. Actors include the UN Security Council, the NATO, the EU, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), but also various national and regional security and development actors. Together a complex set of new institutions and fora has been put in place, leading to unique web of relations that this project describes as a "global security governance arrangement under construction". In the project I want to understand how this arrangement works, why and when it succeeds and fails. To do so I conduct the first major systematic analysis of this arrangement from a political science perspective. To understand the arrangement illuminates and hopefully improves policy making in the domain of counter-piracy and maritime security. Yet, the type of analysis developed in the study has also implications that go beyond the immediate case of counter-piracy. I draw on and further develop theoretically and methodologically a perspective that is relatively recent to political science and international relations. It has been introduced as a "practice turn" or as "international practice theory". This perspective focuses on practice as the core unit of analysis. In the project I draw on practice theory and use praxiographic methodology centered on a strategy of zooming in and zooming out. In three research phases I investigate four counter-piracy governance processes in depth (zooming in) as well as the relations between actors and sites (zooming out). I conduct in-depth studies of counter-piracy governance on an international level by studying the UN Contact Group, and on a regional level by investigating initiatives in East Asia, Eastern and Western Africa. The analysis then is a major contribution to the research agendas of International Relations in at least three ways. 1) The project develops an innovative eclectic analytical framework to interrogate security governance arrangements. It is an eclectic framework since it aims "to demonstrate the practical relevance of, and substantive connections among theories and narratives constructed within seemingly discrete and irreconcilable approaches" (Sil and Katzenstein 2010:3). I combine different approaches to security often understood as mutually exclusive. I do so in relying on a practice-theoretical approach that has the capacity to combine these. The project develops an innovative framework and advances the debates about what can be achieved with practice theory. 2) The analysis is important for the debates in security studies on how contemporary threats are governed. A vibrant agenda around the framework of securitisation theory has approached the construction processes of threats, such as transnational organized crime or HIV/Aids. On the one side the project adds the securitisation of piracy to the discussion. But it also extends the discussions in two major ways. It fills a blind spot of a current agenda that concentrates on representations and constructions. A focus on practice helps to also pay attention to the practical consequences for actions such as the use of force. The focus on practice also widens the understanding of problem construction in situating securitisation among a range of other problematisations (such as an economic or a humanitarian one). 3) The project is of immediate relevance for the emerging inter-disciplinary field of piracy studies. Much of piracy studies are exclusively policy-oriented. Others focus on the behavior of pirates or on the "root causes" of piracy. The project intervenes in piracy studies in demonstrating that is important to also pay attention to the broader implications of piracy.