The effects of demography and migration on cooperation and competition: a large-scale field study

人口和移民对合作与竞争的影响：大规模实地研究

• 批准号: ES/K009230/1
• 负责人: Shakti Lamba
• 金额: $ 29.64万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FK009230%2F1
• 关键词: effects; demography; migration; cooperation; competition

Cooperation, defined in the evolutionary sciences as behavior that benefits others at a cost to the actor, is a cornerstone of human social organization. The degree and scale of cooperation varies considerably across human populations and many authors have attributed this variation to cultural differences. However, it remains unclear what drives this cultural variation. A substantial body of theory in evolutionary biology predicts that demographic characteristics of populations, such as their size and patterns of migration, may be important drivers of cooperation and competition. But these theoretical ideas have never been empirically tested in human populations, so it remains unclear whether evolutionary models are useful tools to explain variation in patterns of human cooperation. This study will be the first to empirically test these ideas in a set of real-world populations in order to investigate whether demographic influences on cooperation and competition explain the cultural variation observed across populations.The study will generate a large-scale, longitudinal behavioural dataset of cooperative behavior in multiple populations of two small-scale Indian societies with contrasting systems of marriage and wealth inheritance. A combination of economic games, behavioural surveys, and observations of contributions to public works will be used to measure levels of cooperation in multiple populations of a matrilocal society (the Khasi of Meghalaya), where typically men are the migrating sex and wealth is transmitted via the female line, and a patrilocal society (the Pahari Korwa of Chhattisgarh), where women are the migrating sex and wealth is transmitted via the male line. These data will be used to test whether the contrasting patterns of sex-biased migration in these two societies affect the social networks and levels of cooperation within and between the sexes. By sampling behavior in multiple populations from each society we will be able to tease apart the extent to which behavior is driven by the pattern of migration (male- or female-biased) versus the rate of migration; this sampling strategy will also allow us to investigate how migration interacts with other demographic features of a population, such as its size and age-structure, to affect the behavior of individuals. Finally, we will monitor the study populations over time, i.e. longitudinally, in order to examine how individuals modify their behavior with changing demographic patterns; this will allow us to assess whether the relationships between demographic processes and cooperation are stable. The study will also address a major outstanding question in both the social and natural sciences about whether there are "cooperative" and "non-cooperative" types of people, or whether individuals modify levels of cooperation according to context. This will be done by comparing individuals' behaviour across different measures (economic games, self-reported surveys, observation of contributions to public works) longitudinally to test whether any observed correlations between the different measures (or lack thereof) are stable over time. The study is particularly topical as it addresses debates about the effects of migration on the social structure and cohesion of societies. Findings from this research will be of interest to policy makers managing a range of public goods including shared land, water and energy resources as well as disaster-management and community-building programmes, both in the UK and internationally. The UK has a growing community of immigrants from many different cultural backgrounds. By examining how migration affects the social networks of different cultural groups, the project will address timely questions about the types of links that we need to build between migrants and non-migrants in order to improve the integration of the latter and maintain cooperation in a multi-cultural society.

合作是人类社会组织的基石，在进化科学中被定义为以牺牲行为者为代价而使他人受益的行为。不同人群的合作程度和规模差异很大，许多作者将这种差异归因于文化差异。然而，目前尚不清楚是什么导致了这种文化差异。进化生物学的大量理论预测，人口的人口特征，如人口规模和迁移模式，可能是合作与竞争的重要驱动因素。但这些理论观点从未在人类群体中得到过实证检验，因此，进化模型是否能解释人类合作模式的变化，仍不清楚。这项研究将首次在一组现实世界的人群中对这些观点进行实证检验，以调查人口统计学对合作和竞争的影响是否解释了在人群中观察到的文化差异。这项研究将生成一个大规模的纵向行为数据集，该数据集记录了两个印度小规模社会中不同人口的合作行为，这些社会有着截然不同的婚姻和财富继承制度。经济博弈、行为调查和对公共工程贡献的观察相结合，将用于衡量母系社会（梅加拉亚邦的卡西族）和父系社会（恰蒂斯加尔邦的帕哈里Korwa族）中多个人口的合作水平。母系社会通常是男性迁徙，财富通过女性传承。这些数据将用于测试这两个社会中性别偏向的迁移模式是否会影响社会网络和两性之间的合作水平。通过对来自每个社会的多个人群的行为进行抽样，我们将能够梳理出行为在多大程度上是由迁移模式（男性或女性偏向）和迁移速度驱动的；这种抽样策略还将使我们能够研究移民如何与人口的其他人口特征（如人口规模和年龄结构）相互作用，从而影响个人的行为。最后，我们将长期监测研究人群，即纵向监测，以检查个人如何随着人口模式的变化而改变他们的行为；这将使我们能够评估人口进程与合作之间的关系是否稳定。这项研究还将解决社会科学和自然科学中一个主要的悬而未决的问题，即是否存在“合作”和“不合作”类型的人，或者个人是否会根据环境调整合作水平。这将通过纵向比较不同衡量标准（经济博弈、自我报告调查、对公共工程贡献的观察）中的个人行为来完成，以测试不同衡量标准之间观察到的相关性（或缺乏相关性）是否随着时间的推移而稳定。这项研究特别具有话题性，因为它讨论了移民对社会结构和社会凝聚力的影响。这项研究的结果将对英国和国际上管理一系列公共产品（包括共享土地、水和能源资源以及灾害管理和社区建设项目）的政策制定者产生兴趣。英国有越来越多来自不同文化背景的移民。通过研究移民如何影响不同文化群体的社会网络，该项目将及时解决我们需要在移民和非移民之间建立的联系类型的问题，以改善后者的融合并保持多元文化社会中的合作。

项目成果

More reasons to be an open scientist. Comment on Ihle et al 2017 Striving for transparent and credible research: practical guidelines for behavioral ecologists. Behav. Ecol. 28, 348-354.

成为一名开放科学家的更多理由。

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Lamba S

Banking on cooperation: an evolutionary analysis of microfinance loan repayment behaviour.

• DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.64
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Gehrig, Stefan;Mesoudi, Alex;Lamba, Shakti
• 通讯作者: Lamba, Shakti

Applied Evolutionary Anthropology - Darwinian Approaches to Contemporary World Issues

应用进化人类学 - 达尔文主义解决当代世界问题的方法

• DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0280-4_3
• 发表时间: 2014
• 作者: Lamba S

Self-deceived individuals are better at deceiving others.

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104562
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: PloS one
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Lamba S;Nityananda V
• 通讯作者: Nityananda V

The empirical evidence that does not support cultural group selection models for the evolution of human cooperation.

经验证据不支持人类合作进化的文化群体选择模型。

• DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x15000175
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: The Behavioral and brain sciences
• 作者: Lamba S