Doing Good by Doing Well: Capitalism, Humanitarianism and International Development

在过去十年中，私营部门能够刺激世界上最贫穷地区亟需的发展的观念日益突出。今天，往往是企业--无论是跨国公司还是营利性社会企业--被塑造成发展的引擎：为世界穷人和金融底线带来双赢的结果。我们越来越多地发现，关心远方他人的人道主义伦理在“全球经济金字塔底部”的商品和服务市场的创建中得到了体现(CROSS 2013)。当私营部门的热心人士庆祝企业通过提供更多的医疗和能源机会或通过创造企业家就业机会来改善穷人生活的潜力时(Prahalad 2004；London等人，2011年)，这一系列研讨会回应了对资本主义人道主义者的干预、模式、主张和影响进行批判性和经验性接触的迫切需要。在政策制定者、从业人员和记者就私营部门在2015年后发展议程中的作用进行辩论时，本系列将把他们与人类学、发展研究和商业/管理领域的主要学者聚集在一起，批判性地审查基于市场的发展办法。在三年的时间里，这一系列的国际会议、英国从业者圆桌会议和研究生高级研讨会开始着手解决有关“金字塔底部”商业模式的运作和结果的关键问题。它们包括：1)如何在国家和国际层面上动员人们、推动政策、吸引资金和塑造政治？2)谁提出了定义和推动这些方法的主张，以及哪些价值观、假设和信念支撑着他们的活动？3)通过什么政治、经济和社会过程，日常物品被重新归类为“社会”、“价值”或“道德商品”，被赋予带来发展利益的力量？4)政府如何衡量这些商品的影响，企业或国际组织，以及与会者的观点可能如何为发展成果提出不同的衡量标准？5)人道主义资本主义的伦理如何反映英国和国际上更广泛的社会关切和经济紧张局势？6)它们是否带来既符合伦理道德又可持续的发展成果？本系列研讨会将创造一个辩论证据的空间，并产生新的思维、途径和方法，以批判性地与金字塔底部的模型和市场接触。计划的活动计划包括：-国际会议：每年，一家申请机构将主办一次国际会议，邀请来自英国和其他国家的与会者参加。会议的日程和主题如下：2014)技术和资本主义人道主义，爱丁堡；2015)将发展分配给最底层的10亿人，牛津；2016)会计促进发展，苏塞克斯。-英国从业者圆桌会议：每年一个申请机构将主办一次从业者圆桌会议，讨论以市场为导向的倡议的可能性、好处和挑战，基于正在进行的案例：2014)衡量和评估商业对贫困的影响，苏塞克斯；2015)低碳能源和健康技术的低收入市场，爱丁堡；2016)最后一英里分销战略，牛津；-高级研讨会：每年都有一家申请机构将来自英国各地的人类学、发展研究和商业/管理研究的研究生聚集在一起，参加一个高级研讨会。联合信息系统2012年推出的一个网站和在线网络(www.Responsiblebop.com)将用于促进在系列活动期间和之后的合作和传播。

Over the last decade, the notion that the private sector can stimulate much-needed development in the world's poorest regions has gained increased prominence. Today it is often business - whether transnational corporations or for-profit social enterprises - that is cast as the engine of development: delivering win-win outcomes for both the world's poor and the financial bottom line. Increasingly we find a humanitarian ethic of care for distant others (Redfield 2012) materialised in the creation of markets for goods and services at the 'bottom of the global economic pyramid' (Cross 2013). While private sector enthusiasts celebrate the potential of business to improve the lives of the poor by delivering increased access to health and energy, or by creating opportunities for employment as entrepreneurs (Prahalad 2004; London et al 2011), this seminar series responds to an urgent need for critical and empirical engagement with the interventions, models, claims and impacts of capitalist humanitarians. As policy makers, practitioners and journalists debate the role of the private sector in a post-2015 development agenda, this series will bring them together with leading academics in anthropology, development studies and business/management, to critically examine market based approaches to development. Over a 3 year period this series of international conferences, UK practitioner roundtables, and post-graduate advanced seminars sets out to address key questions about the workings and outcomes of 'bottom of the pyramid' business models. They include: 1) How are new ways of conceptualising relationships between business and development mobilising people, driving policies, attracting finance and shaping politics at national and international levels? 2) Who makes the claims that define and drive these approaches and what values, assumptions and beliefs underpin their activities? 3) Through what political, economic and social processes do everyday objects become reclassified as 'social', 'merit' or 'ethical goods' endowed with the power to bring development benefits? 4) How is the impact of these goods measured by governments, business or international organisations and how might participant perspectives suggest different measures for development outcomes? 5) How does an ethic of humanitarian capitalism reflect broader social concerns and economic tensions in the UK and internationally? 6) Do they result in development outcomes that are both ethical and sustainable?This seminar series will create a space to debate the evidence and generate new thinking, approaches, and methodologies that critically engage with bottom of the pyramid models and markets. The planned programme of events includes:- International conferences: Each year one applicant institution will host an international conference to bring together invited participants from the UK and beyond. The schedule and themes of the conferences are as follows: 2014) Technology and Capitalist Humanitarianism, Edinburgh; 2015) Distributing Development to the Bottom Billion, Oxford; 2016) Accounting for Development, Sussex.- UK Based Practitioner Roundtables: Each year one applicant institution will host a practitioner roundtable to discuss the possibilities, benefits and challenges of market-oriented initiatives, based on cases underway: 2014) Measuring and Evaluating the Impacts of Business on Poverty, Sussex; 2015) Low Income Markets for Low Carbon Energy and Health Technologies, Edinburgh; 2016) Last Mile Distribution Strategies, Oxford;- Advanced Seminars: Each year one applicant institution will bring together post graduate students in anthropology, development studies and business/management studies from across the UK for an advanced seminar. A website and online network (www.responsiblebop.com) launched in 2012 by the Co-Is will be used to foster collaboration and dissemination during and after the series.