Energy and Forced Displacement: A Qualitative Approach to Light, Heat and Power in Refugee Camps

在被迫流离失所的情况下适用保护和援助的人道主义原则历来侧重于提供住房、食物、水以及卫生和保健。然而，因冲突、人道主义紧急情况、自然灾害和环境变化而被迫流离失所的人也往往无法获得现代能源服务。在应对被迫流离失所的人道主义行动中，获得能源往往是一个缺失的支柱。2015年，联合国难民署、国际发展部、挪威难民委员会、查塔姆研究所、皇家国际事务研究所、国际非政府组织“实际行动”和“地球村能源伙伴关系”试图通过发起“移动能源倡议”来解决这一差距。移动能源倡议旨在通过设计和试行向流离失所人口提供可持续能源的新方法和模式，使可持续能源供应成为应对被迫流离失所和人道主义紧急情况的关键部分。随着“移动能源倡议”为未来的干预奠定基础，它已将收集和分析能源使用的定性数据确定为一项紧迫的研究重点。该项目通过与“移动能源倡议”、其实施伙伴“实际行动”以及肯尼亚和布基纳法索的研究团队进行为期15个月的合作，旨在通过将艺术和社会科学的定性研究传统应用于人道主义界理解和响应他们对光、热和电的需求的方式，改善流离失所者获得可持续能源的机会。这项研究主要由两个问题驱动：1)社会人类学和设计的定性研究方法能告诉我们关于流离失所背景下的能源需求和需求的什么？2)关于流离失所者能源实践的定性数据能告诉我们哪些关于能源政策、产品和服务设计的信息？该项目由爱丁堡大学的社会人类学和设计专家领导，将组建两个能源研究团队，提供人种学和以人为本的研究方法方面的培训；并收集了肯尼亚达达布难民营和布基纳法索Goudoubo难民营的50个日常能源实践案例研究。主要产出包括：1)对人类学定性方法和能源实践研究设计的回顾；2)一份关于达达布和goudouo能源生活经验的报告，将与实际行动和移动能源倡议共同发表；4)一个定性的方法工具包，包括范例技术、策略和参考资料，供能源研究人员和人道主义组织参与未来在被迫流离失所背景下的能源实践研究；5)一篇关于“位移设计”的非学术论文；6)用于可持续照明、烹饪和离网能源系统产品采购和设计的“替代设计”协议（最佳实践、程序和惯例代码）；7)、8)、9)三篇学术研究文章，为艺术和社会科学领域的学术辩论提供关于能源和位移的新经验数据和分析视角。该项目通过与“移动能源倡议”（Moving Energy Initiative）及其国际财团的合作，为影响人道主义政策制定者制定了一条途径；通过2017年内罗毕设计周期间的影响和知识交流活动计划，对撒哈拉以南非洲的人道主义或“亲穷人”设计师进行关注；以及在难民研究、移民研究、发展研究、地理和科学/技术研究方面的学术知识，通过研讨会和出版物促进未来的研究合作。

The application of humanitarian principles of protection and assistance in contexts of forced displacement have, historically, focused on the provision of shelter, food, water, and sanitation and health. Yet people forcibly displaced by conflict, humanitarian emergency, natural disasters and environmental change are also often left without access to modern energy services. Access to energy has often been a missing pillar in the humanitarian response to forced displacement. In 2015 the UNHCR, the Department for International Development, and the Norwegian Refugee Council, alongside Chatham House, the Royal Institute for International Affairs, and international non-governmental organisations Practical Action and the Global Village Energy Partnership sought to address this gap by launching the Moving Energy Initiative. The Moving Energy Initiative aims to make sustainable energy provision a key part of responses to forced displacement and humanitarian emergency, by designing and piloting new approaches and models for sustainable energy provision among displaced populations. As the Moving Energy Initiative lays the ground for future interventions it has identified the collection and analysis of qualitative data on energy use as an urgent research priority.This project - through a 15 month collaboration with the Moving Energy Initiative, its implementation partner Practical Action, and research teams in Kenya and Burkina Faso - aims to improve access to sustainable energy for displaced people by bringing traditions of qualitative research in the arts and social sciences to bear on the way that the humanitarian community understands and responds to their needs for light, heat and power. The research is driven by two questions: 1) What can approaches to qualitative research in social anthropology and design tell us about energy needs and demands in contexts of displacement? 2) What can qualitative data on the energy practices of displaced people tell us about the design of energy policies, products and services? Led by specialists in social anthropology and design at the University of Edinburgh, the project will assemble two teams of energy researchers, provide training in ethnographic, human-centred research methods; and collect 50 situated case studies of everyday energy practices in the Dadaab refugee camp, Kenya, and the Goudoubo camp, Burkina Faso.Key outputs include 1) a review of qualitative methods in anthropology and design for research on energy practices; 2) a report on the lived experience of Energy in Dadaab and 3) Goudoubo, to be published in conjecture with Practical Action and the Moving Energy Initiative; 4) a qualitative methods toolkit, with example techniques, strategies and references for use by energy researchers and humanitarian organisations involved in future studies of energy practice in contexts of forced displacement; 5) a commissioned non-academic essay on 'design for displacement'; 6) a 'design for displacement' protocol (code of best practice, procedures and conventions) for use in the procurement and design of products for sustainable lighting, cooking and off grid energy systems; and 7), 8), 9) three academic research articles that contribute new empirical data and analytical perspectives on energy and displacement to scholarly debates across the arts and social sciences.The project lays out a pathway to impact on humanitarian policy makers through its partnership with the Moving Energy Initiative and its international consortium; on humanitarian or 'pro-poor' designers in sub Saharan Africa through a programme of impact and knowledge exchange activities during Nairobi Design Week 2017; and on academic knowledge in refugee studies, migration studies, development studies, geography, and science/technology studies, fostering future research collaborations through a workshop and publications.