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A Comparative Analysis of the Documentation of Torture and Ill-Treatment in Low-Income Countries

低收入国家酷刑和虐待记录的比较分析

基本信息

批准号：
ES/L005395/1
负责人：
Tobias Kelly
金额：
$ 58.76万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FL005395%2F1
关键词：
Comparative Analysis Documentation Torture Ill

项目摘要

In many Low Income Countries (LICs), violence is endemic. Among urban populations, the poor are the most vulnerable to torture and ill-treatment. They are also the least able to access forms of accountability. As such, the documentation of torture and ill-treatment can play a key role in improving access to justice and human security. However, recent research demonstrates that routine torture and ill-treatment is difficult to document. In addition, the instruments used for the documentation of torture and ill-treatment assume a level of institutional capacity that is often not available in LICs. They are relatively weak at identifying forms of torture and ill-treatment that are not already reported to NGOs or public bodies. There is therefore a need to develop techniques that can be effectively used to document torture and ill-treatment in situations with limited clinical and legal resources.This project has three key objectives.A. A comparative analysis of the challenges faced by those attempting to document torture and ill-treatment in LICs. B. The development of a survey technique for the documentation of torture and ill-treatment.C. The development of policy recommendations for the most effective methods for the documentation of torture and ill-treatment in LICs.The broader objectives of the research is to contribute to wider debates about the most effective ways to document violence and to help marginalised populations enforce accountability. Structural inequalities and poverty have a key impact on both the vulnerability of marginal populations to state violence, and their ability to seek redress. Case studies will be drawn from three countries: Kenya, Bangladesh and Nepal. All three countries have histories of state led violence and urban poverty. This research project will ask the following empirical questions: 1. How is the prevalence and form of torture and ill-treatment distributed across poor urban populations?2. What factors determine the relative likelihood that survivors of torture and ill-treatment among the urban poor report their experience and to whom?3. Towards which particular ends are attempts made to document torture and ill-treatment?4. What do those who attempt to document torture and ill-treatment in LICs perceive as the benefits and limitations of the current instruments that are available?5. What forms of torture and ill-treatment, and amongst which populations, do currently available instruments fail to adequately document?The findings from these five questions will be brought together in order to answer an overarching policy question:6. What are the implications of the research findings for the development of techniques and instruments for the documentation of torture in LICs with relatively low clinical and legal capacity?The research will be divided into two broad areas. A mixed method victimisation survey, and a qualitative analysis of the issues faced by those who attempt to document torture and ill-treatment in specific research sites. The mixed method survey will serve two purposes. First, it will provide a comparative base line with for the analysis of the perceived limitations of current instruments for the documentation of torture and ill-treatment (Q1). Second, it will allow the development a survey based instrument for the documentation of torture and ill-treatment that works on general, rather than individual scale. Such a survey method can be used as both an advocacy tool and to enable the better targeting of policy interventions. The qualitative analysis of the use, potential and limitations of current instruments (questions 2 to 4) will allow the creation of concrete policy recommendations for the most effective ways to document torture and ill-treatment in situations of limited institutional capacity (questions 5 and 6).

在许多低收入国家（LIC），暴力是地方性的。在城市人口中，穷人最容易遭受酷刑和虐待。他们也最不可能获得各种形式的问责。因此，记录酷刑和虐待行为可在改善诉诸司法和人身安全方面发挥关键作用。然而，最近的研究表明，常规的酷刑和虐待很难记录。此外，用于记录酷刑和虐待的文书具有当地和土著社区往往不具备的一定程度的机构能力。它们在查明尚未向非政府组织或公共机构报告的酷刑和虐待形式方面相对薄弱。因此，有必要开发技术，以便在临床和法律的资源有限的情况下，有效地记录酷刑和虐待行为。对那些试图记录低收入国家酷刑和虐待行为的人所面临的挑战进行比较分析。B。发展一种调查技术，以记录酷刑和虐待行为。就记录低收入和土著社区酷刑和虐待行为的最有效方法提出政策建议，研究的更广泛目标是促进就记录暴力行为的最有效方法进行更广泛的辩论，并帮助边缘化人口执行问责制。结构性不平等和贫困对边缘人口易受国家暴力侵害的脆弱性及其寻求补救的能力具有关键影响。将从肯尼亚、孟加拉国和尼泊尔这三个国家进行个案研究。这三个国家都有国家领导的暴力和城市贫困的历史。本研究将提出以下实证问题：1。酷刑和虐待的普遍程度和形式在城市贫困人口中的分布情况如何？2.哪些因素决定了城市贫民中酷刑和虐待幸存者向谁报告其经历的相对可能性？3.试图记录酷刑和虐待行为的具体目的是什么？4.那些试图记录低收入国家酷刑和虐待的人认为现有文书的好处和局限性是什么？5.现有文书未能充分记录哪些形式的酷刑和虐待，以及哪些人群中的酷刑和虐待？将把这五个问题的结果综合起来，以回答一个总体政策问题：研究结果对临床和法律的能力相对较低的低收入和低收入国家开发记录酷刑的技术和工具有何影响？研究将分为两大领域。一项混合方法的确认调查，以及对那些试图记录特定研究地点酷刑和虐待行为的人所面临的问题进行定性分析。混合方法调查有两个目的。首先，它将提供一个比较基准，用于分析目前记录酷刑和虐待的文书的明显局限性（问题1）。第二，它将有助于开发一个基于调查的工具，用于记录酷刑和虐待，该工具适用于一般规模，而不是个人规模。这种调查方法既可用作宣传工具，也可用于更好地确定政策干预措施的目标。对现有文书的使用、潜力和局限性（问题2至4）进行定性分析，将有助于提出具体的政策建议，以最有效的方式记录在机构能力有限的情况下发生的酷刑和虐待行为（问题5和6）。