Attitudes to Domestic Violence in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Multi-Level Approach to Prevention

该项目将提供东亚和太平洋、欧洲和中亚、拉丁美洲和加勒比、中东和北非、南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲地区低收入和中等收入国家对待家庭暴力态度的可靠、高质量数据。这是第一批关注对家庭暴力的社会可接受性的系统性社会、政治和经济影响的研究之一，为旨在改变态度和预防家庭暴力的研究和国家和国际政策做出了急需的贡献。这项工作很重要，因为对妇女的家庭暴力是全世界对妇女最常见的暴力形式，其影响深远。有明确的证据表明，性别平等是实现千年发展目标不可或缺的一部分，然而，未能解决家庭暴力问题是当前千年发展目标的一个缺口。在全球超过35个国家进行的研究表明，女性和男性为家暴辩护的态度与家暴的实施和受害密切相关。因此，为了将资源优化到以证据为基础的预防中，至关重要的是要确定那些加强家庭暴力的社会可接受性的更广泛的社会、政治和经济因素。本研究将使用具有全国代表性的家庭调查，收集个人、国家和区域层面的数据，以及有关国家和地理区域社会和经济发展的高质量元数据来源，以回答有关中低收入国家对家庭暴力的态度以及影响这些态度的系统性因素的一系列重要问题。例如，不同国家和地理区域对家庭暴力的态度有何不同？经济因素，如妇女的劳动力参与、财产和其他资产的所有权，是否与社会对家庭暴力的态度有关？受教育的机会和受教育程度能否解释对家庭暴力态度的差异？社会发展和经济不平等是否影响对家庭暴力的态度？家庭法等社会制度、获得生产资源的途径是否与对家庭暴力的态度有关？妇女在议会中的代表和参与公共生活是否影响社会对家庭暴力的态度？虽然政府立法被认为对解决这一问题很重要，但关于政府采取何种行动以及立法对态度的影响的研究很少。本研究将通过分析制定家庭暴力立法的国家（及其所在地理区域）的社会、经济和政治概况，以及立法对改变男女对家庭暴力态度的影响，来回答这些问题。这些问题最好使用定量和定性方法相结合的方法来解决。除了分析数据集外，还将审查家庭暴力立法，并与选定案例研究国家的政策制定者和国家和国际组织的代表进行关键举报人访谈。这项研究产生的数据将有助于建立一个数据库，该数据库将提供关于在关键社会发展和经济赋权指标范围内对家庭暴力的态度以及家庭暴力立法和政策的存在和质量的可靠和可解释的数据。各学科的学者、政策制定者、非政府组织、国际发展机构和对家庭暴力预防战略感兴趣的捐助者将对这些数据感兴趣，并且可以使用这些数据，并将对家庭暴力的态度作为性别平等和赋权的一个组成部分进行测量。人们越来越认识到需要注重预防，然而，基于证据的预防仍处于初级阶段，特别是在解决家庭暴力的社会可接受性方面。鉴于联合国妇女署的主题优先事项是基于性别的暴力、经济赋权和妇女的政治参与，以及2013年联合国妇女地位委员会的重点是防止暴力侵害妇女和女童，这项工作是及时的。

The project will provide reliable, high quality data on attitudes to domestic violence (DV) in low- and middle-income countries across East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. This is one of the first studies to focus on the systemic social, political and economic influences on societal acceptability of DV making a much needed contribution to research and national and international policy aimed at changing attitudes and preventing DV.This work is important because DV against women is the most common form of violence against women worldwide and is far-reaching in its impact. There is clear evidence that gender equality is integral to the achievement of the MDGs, however the failure to address DV is a gap in the current MDGs. Research in over 35 countries worldwide has shown that women's and men's attitudes justifying DV is strongly associated with DV perpetration and victimisation. Thus, to optimally target resources into evidence-based prevention it is vital to identify those wider social, political and economic factors that reinforce societal acceptability of DV. This study will use nationally-representative household surveys with individual-, country- and regional-level data and sources of high quality metadata on the social and economic development of countries and geographic regions to answer a set of important questions about attitudes to DV across low- and middle-income countries and the systemic factors influencing these attitudes. For example, how do attitudes to DV differ between countries and geographic regions? Are economic factors like women's labour force participation, ownership of property and other assets associated with societal attitudes to DV? Does access to education and educational attainment explain differences in attitudes to DV? Does social development and economic inequality influence attitudes to DV? Are social institutions like family laws, access to productive resources associated with attitudes to DV? Does women's representation in Parliament and participation in public life influence societal attitudes to DV? While government legislation is considered important to combat this problem, there has been little research on which governments act and the effects of legislation on attitudes. This study will answer these questions by analysing the social, economic and political profile of nations (and geographic regions within which they are nested) which have DV legislation, and the effect of legislation on shifting women's and men's attitudes to DV. These questions are best addressed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In addition to analysing datasets, a review of DV legislation and key informant interviews will be conducted with policy-makers and representatives of national and international organisations within select case study countries.Data produced by the study will allow for the creation of a database which will provide robust and interpretable data on attitudes to DV within the context of key social development and economic empowerment indicators, and the existence and quality of DV legislation and policy. These data will be of interest to and can be used by academics across disciplines, policymakers, non-governmental organisations, international development agencies and donors interested in DV prevention strategies and the measurement of attitudes to DV as a component of gender equality and empowerment.There is increasing recognition of the need to focus on prevention, however evidence-based prevention is still nascent especially in relation to tackling societal acceptability of DV. This work is timely given that the thematic priorities of UN Women are gender-based violence, economic empowerment and women's political participation and the focus of the 2013 UN Commission on the Status of Women is on preventing violence against women and girls.