Peacemaking - What's Law Got to Do with It?

道德哲学家和国际律师一直致力于确定和发展从冲突过渡到和平的“规范”，特别是和平谈判。例如，有人认为，国际法禁止赦免国际罪行，禁止让被指控犯有此类罪行的人参与和平谈判，并禁止某些权力分享协议。反之亦然，有人认为，国际法规定某些团体必须参加和平谈判，诸如性别平等等问题必须由和平协定加以规范，诸如侵犯人权等问题必须在和平谈判中提出。这些假定的“规范”可能对和平谈判产生决定性影响：如果各方受到起诉的威胁，或者如果他们无法获得权力分享安排，他们可能不想谈和平。反过来，关注性别和人权可能有助于为理想国家绘制蓝图，但会将注意力从导致各方分裂的问题上转移开。为了回应实践的需求，本项目旨在从三个方面阐明国际法在和平谈判中的作用。首先，它评估了文献中提出的“规范”是否实际上等同于国际法。大多数拟议的规范都是基于道德哲学或对实践的审查。但这些都不是国际法的渊源。这个项目是第一个通过解释性经验研究来审查推定的规范是否在国际法渊源中得到支持的项目。这不仅将促进国际法的纪律，而且还将有助于执业谈判人员。其次，本项目旨在澄清现有的奖学金的“法律”的建立和平的发展的各种概念的“法律”，目前在这方面的文献中使用的分类。这种清晰度对谈判者也很重要。如果建立和平的“法律”是“示范法”意义上的“法律”，那么它就可以随意被忽视。然而，忽视具有约束力的“国际法”可能导致国际责任。最后，评估实证研究结果，该项目将探讨是什么推动试图管理更多的国际法建立和平。在这样做的时候，它将有助于对国际法的来源可能发生的变化的文献，并对社会中更普遍的合法化现象的学术研究。它还将协助那些制定国际法的人评估进一步合法化的建议。与项目的跨学科性相匹配，每个研究目标都将采用适合所涉及问题类型的方法和方法。数据收集方法将包括在国际组织（联合国和非洲联盟）总部和三个案例研究（苏丹、索马里和乌干达）中实地采访和平谈判的主要行为者。在制定这一建议时，咨询了包括联合国和Au在内的从业人员;他们将通过在访谈、咨询小组和“联系”（学术界和从业人员之间为期一周的相互知识交流）中发挥作用，影响执行工作，并将参与传播工作。这将保证最大程度的影响。总之，该项目可对以下方面的未来建议作出重大贡献：建立和平法;对法律与和平进程之间相互作用的理解;关于和平与冲突研究和国际法的文献;将规范性研究和经验性研究结合起来并打破学术知识与实践者知识之间界限的方法;该项目将得到一个定制的职业发展方案的支持，该方案将提供和平与冲突研究和国际法方面的跨学科辅导、一次考察访问和几个培训课程。

Moral philosophers and international lawyers have been working on identifying and developing 'norms' that govern the transition from conflict to peace generally and peace negotiations particularly. It has been argued, for instance, that international law prohibits amnesties for international crimes, forbids engaging people accused of such crimes in peace talks, and outlaws certain power-sharing agreements. Vice versa, it has been suggested that international law determines that some groups must participate in peace talks, that issues such as gender equality must be regulated by a peace agreement and that topics such as human rights violations must be raised in peace talks. These putative 'norms' can have a decisive impact on peace talks: parties may not want to talk peace if they are threatened with prosecution or if they cannot obtain a power-sharing arrangement. Focus on gender and human rights, in turn, may contribute to a blueprint for an ideal state, but turn attention away from issues that are dividing the parties. In response to demands from practice, this project aims to clarify the role of international law in peace negotiations in 3 ways. First, it assesses whether the 'norms' suggested by the literature in fact amount to international law. Most of the proposed norms are based on moral philosophy or a review of practice. But these are not sources of international law. This project is the first to examine through an interpretive empirical study whether the putative norms find support in the sources of international law. This will not only advance the discipline of international law, but also assist practising negotiators. Secondly, this project aims to clarify the existing scholarship on the 'law' of peacemaking by developing a taxonomy of the various concepts of 'law' that are currently used in this body of literature. This clarity is also important to practising negotiators. If the 'law' of peacemaking is 'law' in the sense of 'model law', then it can be ignored at will. Ignoring binding 'international law', however, can lead to international responsibility. Finally, evaluating the empirical findings, the project will explore what drives attempts to govern peacemaking by more international law. In doing so, it will contribute to a literature on possible changes in the sources of international law and to scholarship on the more general phenomenon of legalisation in society. It will also assist those who make international law in the evaluation of proposals towards further legalisation. Matching the interdisciplinarity of the project, each of the research objectives will be pursued with a methodology and method that fits the type of question involved. The data-gathering methods will include interviews with key actors in peace negotiations, at headquarters of international organisations (United Nations and African Union) and in situ in three case studies (Sudan, Somalia and Uganda). Practitioners, including from the UN and AU, have been consulted in the development of this proposal; will influence the implementation through their role in interviews, the Advisory Group and the Nexus (a week-long mutual knowledge transfer between academics and practitioners) and will be involved in the dissemination. This will guarantee the highest degree of impact. In sum, this project can make a fundamental contribution to the future course of proposals on a law of peacemaking; understanding of the interaction between law and peace processes; the literatures on peace and conflict studies and international law; methodologies that integrate normative and empirical research and break boundaries between scholarly and practitioners' knowledge; and, most fundamentally, the increasing practice of peace negotiations.The project will be supported by a bespoke career development programme with cross-disciplinary mentoring from peace and conflict studies and international law, a study visit and several training courses.