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A Comparative Analysis of Combatants' Economic and Social-Political Power during and after War

战时和战后参战者经济和社会政治力量的比较分析

基本信息

批准号：
ES/M009130/1
负责人：
Paul Christopher Nugent
金额：
$ 50.41万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM009130%2F1
关键词：
Comparative Analysis Combatants Economic Social

项目摘要

The linkages between poverty and violence are multiple and complex. A wealth of global and regional studies of armed conflict show that while war causes poverty, at both the structural (macro-) and individual (micro-) levels, poverty itself is also a risk factor for violence and civil war. Research, particularly from Africa's LDCs, highlights the corollary to this war-poverty nexus: the importance of natural resources and war economies in sustaining violence. These theories must now be systematically tested at the individual and group levels in order to be fully integrated into development interventions. This project aims to bridge the gap between causal theories of conflict participation and the growing empirical research on post-conflict development, by measuring subjective and objective empowerment and disempowerment in context. It will answer the overarching question: How do discrepancies between individuals' wartime and peacetime opportunities and experiences affect their socio-economic reintegration, incentives to revert to violence, and pathways out of poverty?Particular attention will be given to gender relations, military organizational structures, and social networks. The latest research on conflict finds young men caught in cycles of economic and political marginalization, the desperation and frustration of which allegedly spurs participation in violence. Eventual de-escalation of fighting lands them back in further marginalized spaces, without the skills, schooling, or family structures necessary to sustain peacetime livelihoods. This project seeks to explore and test the theoretical assumptions of this cycle through a mixed methods comparative analysis of armed groups and their fighters, followers, and commanders, in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It will elucidate the organizational and survival strategies of armed groups, and identify post-war patterns and risk factors for poverty and violence. Support networks and survival strategies will be investigated for enhancing poverty alleviation and peacebuilding initiatives.The project will consist of a three-country ex-combatant survey, social network analysis, in-depth elite interviews, and historical analysis. Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have had similar protracted, regionalized conflict profiles - though, crucially, the DRC conflict remains sporadic and intractable - but different post-conflict reintegration policies, particularly vis-à-vis ex-combatant incorporation into armed forces and police, that allow for a rich cross-case comparison. Within-case comparisons across state and non-state armed groups will generate rigorous and effective policy recommendations based on variations in wartime experiences. A key outcome of the project will be a highly integrative research process bringing together international, regional, and local stakeholders in the design, analysis, and dissemination phases. This integration will be echoed in the empirical investigation, which will range from the lowest levels of armed group support (foot soldiers, 'bush wives', and personal body guards), to commanders and civilian chiefs in individual interviews, surveys, and network analysis; and in qualitative interviews, to the highest levels of regional and international governance. Social network analysis will be used to systematically analyse these multi-layered relationships and power structures, how they change over time, and the economic and social survival opportunities embedded within them. All levels of the project will be parsed out by gender to examine differences between men's and women's survival strategies and opportunities for social and economic empowerment - or exclusion. This marks a key innovation in the analysis of structural inequality and the role of gender in conflict and post-conflict experiences.

贫穷与暴力之间的联系是多重和复杂的。关于武装冲突的大量全球和区域研究表明，虽然战争在结构（宏观）和个人（微观）两个层面上造成贫穷，但贫穷本身也是暴力和内战的一个风险因素。研究，特别是来自非洲最不发达国家的研究，突出了这种战争-贫穷关系的必然结果：自然资源和战争经济在维持暴力方面的重要性。这些理论现在必须在个人和群体两级得到系统的检验，以便充分纳入发展干预措施。该项目旨在通过衡量主观和客观的增强权能和丧失权能的情况，弥合参与冲突的因果理论与冲突后发展日益增长的实证研究之间的差距。它将回答一个首要问题：个人战时和和平时期的机会和经历之间的差异如何影响他们的社会经济重新融合、重新诉诸暴力的动机以及摆脱贫困的途径？将特别注意性别关系、军事组织结构和社交网络。关于冲突的最新研究发现，年轻人陷入了经济和政治边缘化的循环，据称这种绝望和沮丧会刺激他们参与暴力。战争的最终降级使他们回到进一步边缘化的空间，没有维持和平时期生计所必需的技能、教育或家庭结构。本项目旨在通过对利比里亚、塞拉利昂和刚果民主共和国的武装团体及其战斗人员、追随者和指挥官进行混合方法比较分析，探索和检验这一周期的理论假设。它将阐明武装团体的组织和生存战略，并查明战后的模式和贫穷与暴力的风险因素。将调查支助网络和生存战略，以加强减贫和建设和平举措，该项目将包括对三国前战斗人员的调查、社会网络分析、深入的精英访谈和历史分析。利比里亚、塞拉利昂和刚果民主共和国有着类似的旷日持久的区域化冲突--尽管刚果民主共和国的冲突仍然是零星和棘手的--但它们的冲突后重返社会政策不同，特别是在前战斗人员编入武装部队和警察方面，因此可以进行大量的跨案例比较。对国家和非国家武装团体进行个案内比较，将根据战时经验的差异提出严格有效的政策建议。该项目的一个关键成果将是一个高度一体化的研究过程，在设计、分析和传播阶段将国际、区域和地方利益攸关方聚集在一起。这种整合将在实证调查中得到回应，调查范围从最低级别的武装团体支持（步兵，“丛林妻子”和个人保镖），到个人访谈，调查和网络分析中的指挥官和文职首长;以及定性访谈，到最高级别的区域和国际治理。社会网络分析将被用来系统地分析这些多层次的关系和权力结构，它们如何随着时间的推移而变化，以及其中嵌入的经济和社会生存机会。该项目的所有层面都将按性别进行分析，以审查男子和妇女的生存战略以及社会和经济赋权-或排斥-机会之间的差异。这标志着分析结构性不平等以及性别在冲突和冲突后经历中的作用的一项关键创新。