Implementation and compliance with human rights law: An exploration of the interplay between the international, regional and national levels

人们普遍认为，“执行危机”正在影响区域和国际人权机制，包括历史上遵守程度相对较高的欧洲公约体系。这种情况增加了一场由来已久但仍未解决的辩论的紧迫性：遵守国际和区域人权法意味着什么，哪些因素影响各国是否遵守？在现有文献和研究的基础上，这项亟需的创新研究将探讨影响九个国家(哥伦比亚、危地马拉、加拿大；格鲁吉亚、捷克共和国、芬兰；喀麦隆、阿尔及利亚和坦桑尼亚)执行(I)来自联合国条约机构的个人投诉的部分决定；以及(Ii)三个区域人权系统(欧洲、美洲和非洲)的机构的部分判决和决定的因素。这是四个主要的学术人权中心(布里斯托尔、埃塞克斯、米德尔塞克斯和比勒陀利亚)和开放社会正义倡议的合作努力。国际人权协会、联合信息系统和合作伙伴组织在人权法律实施方面带来了个人和集体无与伦比的专业知识、联系和经验。作为从业者，他们向这些区域和联合国机构提起诉讼，组织有影响力的研讨会和其他活动，并就执行决定和判决提供建议。作为学者，他们在该领域撰写了大量著作。开放社会正义倡议(OSJI)在三个区域和联合国拥有令人羡慕的一系列联系，被认为是人权领域的主要民间社会参与者之一。与布里斯托尔协调该项目并为比勒陀利亚提供非洲专业知识，米德尔塞克斯的欧洲人权倡导中心提供欧洲的专业知识，埃塞克斯的人权中心提供美洲的贡献，项目组处于非常有利的地位，可以将开展这项创新和雄心勃勃的研究所需的学术和实践者背景结合起来。通过半结构化访谈、参与者观察、讲习班和针对政策和学术受众的一系列出版成果，这项研究将试图触及人权法在21世纪的效用和相关性的核心问题，这是一个国家行为者(政府、立法机构和司法机构)、公民社会行为者、人权机构和侵犯人权行为的受害者(和潜在受害者)所关切的问题。这项研究还希望能够影响各州对选定决定的实际遵守情况，从而为个别受害者带来更大的正义。

An 'implementation crisis' is widely acknowledged to be afflicting regional and international human rights mechanisms, including the European Convention system which historically enjoyed relatively high levels of compliance. This situation adds urgency to a debate which is long-established but remains unresolved: what does it mean to comply with international and regional human rights law and what factors influence whether states comply or not? Moving beyond existing literature and research, this much-needed and innovative study will examine the factors which impact on the implementation by nine states (Colombia, Guatemala, Canada; Georgia, Czech Republic, Finland; Cameroon, Algeria and Tanzania) of (i) selected decisions deriving from individual complaints to UN treaty bodies; and (ii) selected judgments and decisions of the bodies in the three regional human rights systems (Europe, Americas and Africa).This is a collaborative effort between the four leading academic human rights centres (Bristol, Essex, Middlesex and Pretoria) and the Open Society Justice Initiative. The PI, Co-Is and partner organisation bring individually and collectively unrivalled expertise, contacts and experience in implementation of human rights law. As practitioners they have litigated before these regional and UN bodies, organised influential seminars and other events and provide advice on implementation of decisions and judgments. As academics they have written extensively in the field. The Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI) has an enviable range of contacts across the three regions and at the UN and is considered one of the key civil society players in the human rights field. Together with Bristol coordinating the project and providing African expertise with Pretoria, Middlesex's European Human Rights Advocacy Centre inputting the European expertise and Essex's Human Rights Centre offering the Inter-American contribution, the project team are extremely well placed to combine the academic and practitioner background necessary to carry out this innovative and ambitious research. Through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, workshops and a range of published outputs directed at policy and academic audiences, this research it will attempt to get to the heart of the utility and relevance of human rights law in the 21st century, an issue which is concern to state actors (governments, legislatures and judiciaries); civil society actors; human rights bodies; and victims (and potential) victims of human rights violations. The research also hopes to be able to impact on the actual compliance by the states with selected decisions and thereby resulting in greater justice for the individual victims.