A Multi-Level Investigation of US Indoor Tanning PolicyEnactment, Implementation, Compliance, Impact, and Economics

美国室内晒黑政策的制定、实施、合规性、影响和经济性的多层次调查

• 批准号: 10396564
• 负责人: DAVID B BULLER
• 金额: $ 63.29万
• 依托单位: RBHS -CANCER INSTITUTE OF NEW JERSEY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-06-01 至 2023-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10396564
• 关键词: Address; Adolescent Risk Behavior; Adolescent and Young Adult; Adopted; Adoption; Advocacy; Advocate; Affordable Care Act; Age; American; Businesses; Carcinoma; Case Study; Characteristics; Complex; Consent; Consumption; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Costs and Benefits; Data; Decision Making; Devices; District of Columbia; Economic Factors; Economics; Elements; Employee; Future; Goals; Government; Harm Reduction; Health; Health Policy; Health Professional; Health Promotion; Health behavior; Home; Human Resources; Incidence; Individual; Intervention; Interview; Investigation; Laws; Maintenance; Methodology; Methods; Minor; Outcome; Parental Consent; Parental Involvement Law; Parents; Policies; Policy Compliance; Politics; Populations at Risk; Prevalence; Prevention; Process; Public Health; Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation and Maintenance; Regulation; Reporting; Research; Resources; Risk Behaviors; Risk Factors; Seminal; Skin Cancer; Skin tanning; Smoking; Statutes and Laws; Stream; Sunburn; Surveys; System; Taxation; Taxes; Teenagers; Tobacco; Translating; Ultraviolet Rays; United States Food and Drug Administration; Youth; archive data; archived data; base; behavior change; comparative; cost; economic cost; economic evaluation; economic impact; economic implication; evidence base; experience; health economics; improved; informant; innovation; interest; keratinocyte; melanoma; productivity loss; skin damage; societal costs; tanning booths; young adult

Skin cancer is a significant and expensive public health problem, with ~5 million Americans treated at a cost of over $8 billion annually 29. Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, and its incidence has more than tripled in the last four decades 30,31. Indoor tanning (IT) is a well-established cause of melanoma and keratinocyte carcinomas 8- 12,20-22,32. Indoor tanners are also more likely to experience sunburn 3,4,33, a major risk factor for skin cancer 9,14-19. Most tanners begin IT as teens or young adults 31. In order to reduce IT and protect this at-risk population, IT is now being regulated in two ways. First, states restrict access by minors or require parental consent/accompaniment 34. Second, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) attempts to minimize harm from IT devices (e.g., protective eyewear, session duration limits) 35. Although underutilized36, legislation such as age restrictions and taxation has been quite successful in decreasing engagement in other risky behaviors such as smoking 37. Recent evidence suggests that more stringent IT laws such as age bans (vs. parent consent laws or no law) are associated with less youth IT 38,39. Unfortunately, enforcement and compliance with IT laws are variable and inadequate 28,40-44. When advocating for more stringent laws or enforcement, it is also important to attend to concerns about secondary effects that may be barriers to further restriction. These barriers include economic impacts of IT laws that may cause small businesses to organize and oppose progressive IT laws to protect their financial interests, and tanners switching to use IT beds outside of salons (e.g., homes, apartments, gyms) that are not well-regulated or inspected 45-50. The goals of this five-year R01 are to use a mixed-method approach informed by the Multiple [Policy] Streams and RE-AIM 51,52 Frameworks 53 to investigate three specific aims. Aim 1 is a comparative case study to elucidate the IT legislation adoption process. Aim 2 uses a pseudo- patron (confederate) assessment, national survey, and archival data to investigate legislation implementation, i.e., regulation compliance in salons and non-salons and the association of compliance with policy stringency and enforcement provisions 41 as well as IT and sunburn outcomes among adolescents and young adults. Aim 3 integrates data from the first two aims and external data to assess economic effects relevant to policy sustainability of IT stringency, enforcement, and compliance. The scientific premise derives from the paucity of research on the process of translating IT policy efforts into stringent IT legislation and compliance, as well as their effects 54,55, such as positive outcomes on melanoma risk factors (IT, sunburns) and secondary effects (economic costs, compensatory tanning). Results of this comprehensive, multi-level, rigorous analysis will inform IT policy interventions as well as other health policy arenas and guide best practices for increasing IT law stringency, moving toward an IT “endgame” 56,57. These could include adding age bans to parental consent laws or increasing age bans to 19 or 21, similar to tobacco. As experts in the relevant content and methodologic domains, our Multiple-PI led team is well-poised to conduct this innovative, seminal research.

皮肤癌是一个重大而昂贵的公共卫生问题，约有500万美国人花费了20亿美元治疗皮肤癌