权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Understanding and managing intra-state territorial contestation: Iraq's disputed territories in comparative perspective

理解和管理国家内部领土争端：比较视角下的伊拉克争议领土

基本信息

批准号：
ES/M009211/1
负责人：
Gareth Stansfield
金额：
$ 95.13万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM009211%2F1
关键词：
Understanding managing intra state territorial

项目摘要

The 'disputed territories of Iraq' are a contentious and destabilizing issue with wider regional ramifications of increasing national security importance to the UK. The contestation impacts upon broader Middle East instabilities, and is of interest to the UK and Europe in terms of energy security and economic interests in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. The stability of Iraq is a critical UK foreign policy concern, even though in recent years it has diminished in visibility. Key issues remain unresolved, with perhaps the most pressing being the territorial extent of the Kurdistan Region, its relationship with Baghdad, and the management of security and resources in this oil-rich territory. The centrality of this particular issue also derives from the wider regional implications of the "Kurdish question" that also affects Turkey (a NATO ally), and Iran and Syria. This project examines the dynamics of the disputed territories - internally in terms of the social and political aspirations of communities there, and 'externally', in terms of their links with Baghdad and Erbil (the capital of the Kurdistan Region), and the interests of these two power poles, plus their regional and global interactions. It does so with a view to assessing current proposals (including those submitted by the UN in 2009 and Kurdish demands for a referendum on the disputed territories) to resolve what remains a dangerous political stand-off, while presenting an empirically rich and comparative analysis to assist in the formulation of approaches that may assist in the management of the dispute. This analysis focuses upon three inter-related issues which we contend lie at the core of the contestation: (1) communal mobilization and the articulation of local aspirations, i.e. what do people in this territory want, in terms of their governance, socio-economic provision, and overall future? (2) the interests of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and the Government of Iraq (GoI), in terms of 'security' and natural resource exploitation, and (3) the influence of neighbouring and regional powers (namely Turkey, Iran, Syria, and the Arab Gulf states) and of extra-regional and global powers (especially the US and UK) on the status of the Kurdistan Region and its overall status as either an autonomous entity existing inside Iraq, or an independent entity having seceded from Iraq. With this set of understandings in place, the research then considers the current options that have been posited by different interest groups for the resolution of the problem. At the time of writing, two proposals have gathered significant traction. The first is that by the KRG and those political forces in Iraq that tend to stand in opposition to the government, namely the implementation of relevant constitutional articles that specified a roadmap for the resolution of the status of the disputed territories (Article 140). There exist a myriad range of problems regarding the implementation of this article in terms of (a) how the article could be implemented, and (b) the impact of the implementation (or lack of implementation) of the article. The second set of options that exist are those presented by the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) in 2009. Following in-depth fieldwork in the disputed territories, UNAMI submitted a range of possible power-sharing options, all of which were rejected by Iraqi stakeholders for reasons of political sensitivity at the time. We contend that these proposals warrant systematic and comparative analysis to identify their appropriateness as possible solutions to the problem. We will base our analysis of these proposals on the current state of the art in relation to the management of territorial disputes in divided societies, thus being able to reflect on what are considered feasible and viable options for relevant institutional designs and how these may be applied in the specific context of Iraq's disputed territories.

“伊拉克争议领土”是一个有争议和不稳定的问题，对英国的国家安全重要性日益增加，具有更广泛的区域影响。该电站将影响更广泛的中东不稳定局势，并在伊拉克和库尔德斯坦地区的能源安全和经济利益方面对英国和欧洲感兴趣。伊拉克的稳定是英国外交政策的一个关键问题，尽管近年来它的知名度有所下降。关键问题仍未解决，其中最紧迫的问题可能是库尔德斯坦地区的领土范围、该地区与巴格达的关系以及这一石油资源丰富地区的安全和资源管理。这一特殊问题的中心地位还源于“库尔德问题”的更广泛的区域影响，该问题也影响到土耳其（北约盟国）、伊朗和叙利亚。本项目研究有争议领土的动态-内部是当地社区的社会和政治愿望，“外部”是它们与巴格达和埃尔比勒（库尔德斯坦地区首府）的联系，以及这两个权力中心的利益，加上它们在区域和全球的互动。它这样做的目的是评估目前的建议（包括联合国在2009年提交的建议和库尔德人对有争议领土进行全民公决的要求），以解决仍然存在的危险的政治僵局，同时提供丰富的经验和比较分析，以帮助制定可能有助于管理争端的方法。这一分析侧重于三个相互关联的问题，我们认为这些问题是该问题的核心：（1）社区动员和表达当地愿望，即该领土上的人民在治理、社会经济供应和整体未来方面想要什么？(2)库尔德斯坦地区政府（KRG）和伊拉克政府（GoI）在“安全”和自然资源开发方面的利益，以及（3）邻国和地区大国的影响力（即土耳其、伊朗、叙利亚、和阿拉伯海湾国家）以及地区外和全球大国的影响（特别是美国和英国）就库尔德斯坦地区的地位及其作为伊拉克境内存在的自治实体或脱离伊拉克的独立实体的总体地位提出了建议。有了这一套理解，研究然后考虑了不同利益集团提出的解决问题的现有选择。在编写本报告时，有两项提议已引起很大的注意。第一个是库尔德地区政府和那些倾向于反对政府的伊拉克政治力量，即执行有关宪法条款，为解决有争议领土的地位规定了路线图（第140条）。在执行本条方面存在着各种各样的问题：（a）如何执行本条;（B）执行（或不执行）本条的影响。现有的第二套备选方案是联合国伊拉克援助使命团（联伊援助团）2009年提出的方案。联伊援助团在有争议领土进行深入实地工作后，提出了一系列可能的权力分享方案，但由于当时政治敏感性的原因，所有这些方案都被伊拉克利益攸关方拒绝。我们认为，有必要对这些建议进行系统的比较分析，以确定它们是否适合作为解决问题的可能办法。我们对这些建议的分析将以分裂社会中领土争端管理的最新技术水平为基础，从而能够思考哪些被认为是有关体制设计的可行和可行的备选方案，以及如何在伊拉克有争议领土的具体情况下适用这些方案。